One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. Born in Genoa in 1807, he
became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent into
exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground
societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were
like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. Mazzini believed that God
had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a
patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a
wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his
model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s relentless
opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.
23.1 Why the revolutionaries had to work secretly?
a. They did not want to work openly
b. The monarchs always supported them
c. The absolute monarchs always considered them a threat
d. They did not want any change in the society
23.2 Who has been described as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’ by Metternich?
a. Garibaldi
b. Mazzini
c. William IV
d. Bismarck
23.3 Which Secret Society was formed by Giuseppe Mazzini in France?
a. Young Italy
b. Young Europe
c. Young Japan
d. Carbonari
23.4 Which Kingdom finally led the unification of Italy?
a. Prussia
b. Austria
c. Kingdom of two Sicilies
d. Sardinia-Piedmont
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