Question

Orbital Energies and Atomic Structure

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:

The energy of atomic orbitals increases as the principal quantum number,  n , increases. In any atom with two or more electrons, the repulsion between the electrons makes energies of subshells with different values of  l  differ so that the energy of the orbitals increases within a shell in the order s < p < d < f. Figure  8.3.1  depicts how these two trends in increasing energy relate. The 1s orbital at the bottom of the diagram is the orbital with electrons of lowest energy. The energy increases as we move up to the 2s and then 2p, 3s, and 3p orbitals, showing that the increasing n value has more influence on energy than the increasing l value for small atoms. However, this pattern does not hold for larger atoms. The 3d orbital is higher in energy than the 4s orbital. Such overlaps continue to occur frequently as we move up the chart.