Osmolarity of the blood is maintained primarily by protein of this type
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In the steady state, our total body water content and salt content remain constant. An increase or decrease in water and salt intake is paralleled by an equivalent change in renal water and salt excretion.[1]Homeostasis is achieved through the process of glomerular filtration of plasma to produce an ultrafiltrate. The tubules then process this ultrafiltrate so that the final urine flow rate and solute excretion meet the homeostatic needs of the body.
Osmolality and osmolarity are measurements of the solute concentration of a solution. In practice, there is negligible difference between the absolute values of the different measurements. For this reason, both terms are often used interchangeably, even though they refer to different units of measurement.[2
Osmolality
Osmolality is an estimation of the osmolar concentration of plasma and is proportional to the number of particles per kilogram of solvent; it is expressed as mOsmol/kg (the SI unit is mmol/kg but mOsmol/kg is still widely used). This is what is used when values are measured by a laboratory. Osmolality is measured by clinical laboratories using an osmometer - either a freezing point depression osmometer or a vapour pressure depression osmometer. The normal osmolality of extracellular fluid is 280-295 mOsmol/kg.
Osmolarity
Osmolarity is an estimation of the osmolar concentration of plasma and is proportional to the number of particles per litre of solution; it is expressed as mmol/L. This is what is used when a calculated value is derived.
It is derived from the measured Na+, K+, urea and glucose concentrations. The osmolarity is unreliable in various conditions - eg, pseudohyponatraemia such as hyperlipidaemia in nephrotic syndrome, or hyperproteinaemia.
The following equations can be used to calculate osmolarity:
Calculated osmolarity = 2 (Na+) + 2 (K+) + Glucose + Urea (all in mmol/L); OR Calculated osmolarity = 2 (Na+) + Glucose + Urea (all in mmol/L).
The doubling of sodium accounts for the negative ions associated with sodium and the exclusion of potassium approximately allows for the incomplete dissociation of sodium chloride.
The term osmolarity has largely been superseded by osmolality, even when discussing calculated values. Osmolality is used for the rest of this article.
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Osmolality and osmolarity are measurements of the solute concentration of a solution. In practice, there is negligible difference between the absolute values of the different measurements. For this reason, both terms are often used interchangeably, even though they refer to different units of measurement.[2
Osmolality
Osmolality is an estimation of the osmolar concentration of plasma and is proportional to the number of particles per kilogram of solvent; it is expressed as mOsmol/kg (the SI unit is mmol/kg but mOsmol/kg is still widely used). This is what is used when values are measured by a laboratory. Osmolality is measured by clinical laboratories using an osmometer - either a freezing point depression osmometer or a vapour pressure depression osmometer. The normal osmolality of extracellular fluid is 280-295 mOsmol/kg.
Osmolarity
Osmolarity is an estimation of the osmolar concentration of plasma and is proportional to the number of particles per litre of solution; it is expressed as mmol/L. This is what is used when a calculated value is derived.
It is derived from the measured Na+, K+, urea and glucose concentrations. The osmolarity is unreliable in various conditions - eg, pseudohyponatraemia such as hyperlipidaemia in nephrotic syndrome, or hyperproteinaemia.
The following equations can be used to calculate osmolarity:
Calculated osmolarity = 2 (Na+) + 2 (K+) + Glucose + Urea (all in mmol/L); OR Calculated osmolarity = 2 (Na+) + Glucose + Urea (all in mmol/L).
The doubling of sodium accounts for the negative ions associated with sodium and the exclusion of potassium approximately allows for the incomplete dissociation of sodium chloride.
The term osmolarity has largely been superseded by osmolality, even when discussing calculated values. Osmolality is used for the rest of this article.
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