Pharmacology of drugs acting on cardiovascular system
Answers
Explanation:
Roger L. Royster, MD • John F. Butterworth IV, MD •
Leanne Groban, MD • Thomas F. Slaughter, MD •
David A. Zvara, MD
Anti-Ischemic Drug Therapy
Anti-ischemic drug therapy during anesthesia is indicated whenever evidence of
myocardial ischemia exists. The treatment of ischemia during anesthesia is compli-
cated by the ongoing stress of surgery, blood loss, concurrent organ ischemia, and the
patient’s inability to interact with the anesthesiologist. Nonetheless, the fundamental
principles of treatment remain the same as in the unanesthetized state. All events
of myocardial ischemia involve an alteration in the oxygen supply/demand balance
(Table 8-1). The 2007 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
(ACC/AHA) Guidelines on the Management and Treatment of Patients with Unstable
Angina and Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction provide an excellent
framework for the treatment of patients with ongoing myocardial ischemia.1
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin (NTG) is clinically indicated as initial therapy in nearly all types
of myocardial ischemia. Chronic exertional angina, de novo angina, unstable
angina, Prinzmetal’s angina (vasospasm), and silent ischemia respond to NTG
Anti-Ischemic Drug Therapy
Nitroglycerin
β-Adrenergic Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Drug Therapy for Systemic Hypertension
Medical Treatment for Hypertension
Management of Severe Hypertension
Pharmacotherapy for Acute and Chronic
Heart Failure
Heart Failure Classification
Pathophysiologic Role of the Renin-
Angiotensin System in Heart Failure
β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
Adjunctive Drugs
Future Therapy
Management of Acute Exacerbations
of Chronic Heart Failure
Low-Output Syndrome
Pharmacologic Treatment of Diastolic Heart
Failure
Current Clinical Practice
Pharmacotherapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias
Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Sodium
Channel Blockers
Class II: β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
Class III: Agents