Social Sciences, asked by bhavya404, 1 year ago

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Answered by nathandrake51
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Key terms

Ballot – action or system of secret voting

Candidate - A person who seeks or is nominated for a political office

Citizen - Connotes membership in a political society to which a duty of permanent allegiance is implied.

Constituency – a body of individuals entitle to elect a representative to a legislative or other representative body

Democracy – a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation

Disenfranchise – to take away the power or opportunity to vote

Election – a systematic process by which voters cast ballots for candidates or positions on issues

Proportional representation– an electoral system in which political parties are represented according to the number of people who voted for them

II. Rights at Stake

Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is the key international guarantee of voting rights and free elections, but its provisions are strongly related to other articles, specifically Article 2 (see below). The ICCPR also includes guarantees of freedom of expression (Article 19), assembly (Article 21), association (Article 22), and non-discrimination (Article 26).



While Article 2 of the ICCPR specifies that voting and participation in elections is a universal right not to be denied because of any “status” individuals around the world are systematically or inadvertently disenfranchised based on their status as a member of a certain group. For example, many nations deal with a gender gap in voting, a phenomenon where one gender is more likely to vote in elections than the other. “Traditional theories in participation pointed to a 'gender gap' between men and women, where typically more men than women were interested in politics, and would turn out to vote on polling day. However, recent research seems to point to an 'inverting' of the gender gap, where women are demonstrating increasing interest in political and electoral processes.” (From IDEA.) Many nations have attempted to deal with gender gaps in voting and political participation through legislative quotas. Quota systems operate in different ways, but in general they reserve a certain number or percentage of candidacy spots or actual seats in a legislative body for women. While quotas can be a very quick and effective way to address the problem of under-representation of women in government, they are controversial and often raise as many issues about the right to vote as they solve. Legislated quota systems of various forms currently are in effect in France, Argentina, South Africa, Namibia, Tanzania, and India.

Another example is the disenfranchisement of those who have been convicted of certain crimes. The following example is an excerpt from a 1998 report by Human Rights Watch’s Sentencing Project.

“ratified” by those states that have negotiated the instrument. A state that has not participated in the negotiations may, at a later stage, “accede” to the treaty.

When a state ratifies or accedes to a treaty, the state may make reservations to one or more articles of the treaty, unless the treaty prohibits reservations. Reservations may normally be withdrawn at any time. In some countries, international treaties take precedence over national law; in others, a specific law may be required to give an international treaty effect. Practically all states that have ratified or acceded to an international treaty must issue decrees, amend existing laws or introduce

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