Question

please Answer the question

Answer 1

(i) Heavy pressure of population:

Population has been rising in India at a rapid speed. This rise is mainly due to fall in death rate and more birth rate.

(ii) Unemployment and under employment:

Due to continuous rise in population, there is chronic unemployment and under employment in India. There is educated unemployment and disguised unemployment. Poverty is just the reflection of unemployment.

(iii) Capital Deficiency:

Capital is needed for setting up industry, transport and other projects. Shortage of capital creates hurdles in development.
iv) Net National Income:

The net national income is quite low as compared to size of population. Low per capita income proves its poverty. The per capita income in 2003-04 was Rs. 20989 which proves India is one of the poorest nations.




Q2. Social exclusion refers to the process of marginalizing individuals or groups of a particular society where they are denied full participation in various social, economical and political activities of that society. This can occur to individuals as well as people of different communities. In the modern world, people are socially excluded because of their skin color, religion, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation.



Social vulnerability refers to the inability of an individual or community to oppose negative situations or impacts. These can be referred to as stressors. Stressors include social exclusion, various forms of abuse and natural calamities. In this sense, the relationship between social exclusion and social vulnerability is that social exclusion is a condition which creates vulnerability in people. Sociologists highlight that social vulnerability mainly exists due to structural factors such as social inequality. Although a person may be able to break away from such a condition, it persists for the majority.