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Answer 1

Answer:

Hybridization is defined as the concept of mixing two atomic orbitals with the same energy levels to give a degenerated new type of orbitals. This intermixing is based on quantum mechanics. The atomic orbitals of the same energy level can only take part in hybridization and both full filled and half-filled orbitals can also take part in this process, provided they have equal energy.

sp Hybridization:

sp hybridization is observed when one s and one p orbital in the same main shell of an atom mix to form two new equivalent orbitals. The new orbitals formed are called sp hybridized orbitals. It forms linear molecules with an angle of 180°.

Examples of sp Hybridization:

All compounds of beryllium like BeF2, BeH2, BeCl2

All compounds of carbon-containing triple Bond like C2H2.

sp2 Hybridization:

sp2 hybridization is observed when one s and two p orbitals of the same shell of an atom mix to form 3 equivalent orbital. The new orbitals formed are called sp2 hybrid orbitals.

Examples of sp2 Hybridization:

All the compounds of Boron i.e. BF3, BH3

All the compounds of carbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond, Ethylene (C2H4)

sp3 Hybridization:

When one ‘s’ orbital and 3 ‘p’ orbitals belonging to the same shell of an atom mix together to form four new equivalent orbital, the type of hybridization is called a tetrahedral hybridization or sp3. The new orbitals formed are called sp3 hybrid orbitals.

Example of sp3 hybridization:

ethane (C2H6), methane.

sp3 Hybridization

sp3d Hybridization:

sp3d hybridization involves the mixing of 3p orbitals and 1d orbital to form 5 sp3d hybridized orbitals of equal energy. They have trigonal bipyramidal geometry.

Example: Hybridization in Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5).

sp3d2 Hybridization:

1) Sp3d2 hybridization has 1s, 3p and 2d orbitals, that undergo intermixing to form 6 identical sp3d2 hybrid orbitals.

2) These 6 orbitals are directed towards the corners of an octahedron.

3) They are inclined at an angle of 90 degrees to one another.

Explanation:

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Answer 2

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