Please give me a quick paragraph on the scientific development of delhi metro.NO SPAM AND QUICK ANSWERS PLEASE
Answers
Answer:A well functioning and efficient transport infrastructure is essential to almost any major city. They are commonplace in many cities and their origins tell us much about urban development.
The first underground railway was constructed in London in 1863, initially using steam trains and then becoming the first electric railway in 1890. Whilst initially connecting key points in the city (usually mainline railway terminals), the underground gradually grew, spreading its tentacles into the suburbs.
In the interwar period in Britain, this new form of transportation became known as Metroland, it transformed sleepy villages into suburban sameness and was responsible for developing much of the suburbs West of London. Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman immortalised the spirit of Metroland, the future that awaited these areas and the modernity imposed upon them in his 1954 poem A few late Chysanthemums:
Gaily into Ruislip Gardens
Runs the red electric train,
With a thousand Ta’s and Pardon’s
Daintily alights Elaine;
Hurries down the concrete station
With a frown of concentration,
Out into the outskirt’s edges
Where a few surviving hedges
Keep alive our lost Elysium — rural Middlesex again.
The world’s first CDM-registered metro project
Half a world away and nearly a century later, many cities in developing countries are facing serious transport problems due to rapidly rising populations and growing economies. One such city is Delhi, where a metro project has been developed to address the ever more pressing transport problems in the Indian capital.
The rapid increase in the number and use of private cars and two-wheelers is leading to various problems including air pollution, traffic congestion, increased accidents and carbon emissions. Vehicular pollution is the main contributor to worsening of air quality in Delhi, accounting for 72% of total air pollution in 2001.
Initially, policies were introduced by national and state governments based on vehicle and fuel efficiency, such as phasing out older vehicles and making compressed natural gas (CNG) a mandatory fuel in public transportation. However, more recently, policies are focused on improving public transportation infrastructure, with the city’s new metro as the flagship project.
The Delhi metro is designed to be completed in four phases, of which two have been implemented to date. Phases I and II of the network, with a total route length of 193 km, were completed in 2006 and 2011 respectively. The project has been funded largely by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) through Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) loans. Around 65% of the cost of the first two phases is covered in this way.
Despite its carbon credentials and fast progress in construction, the Delhi metro has been the major controversial issue of urban policy-making in the city in recent years.
Phases III and IV are to be completed by 2021, with the intention of increasing the total network coverage to 414 km. At present, Delhi metro carries approximately 1.8 million passengers in a day, representing fewer than 20% of total passenger trips in the city.
A distinctive feature of the metro is that it was the world’s first transport project to receive carbon credits under the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) Clean Development Mechanism or CDM. Its braking system regenerates around 35% of the total energy consumed to run the whole system. The regenerative braking technology in the braking system of the Delhi metro enables the trains that are in braking mode to generate electricity, and then the regenerated electricity is transferred to the trains in powering mode by the entire system. As per the estimations made by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), 41,160 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year will be reduced between 2007 and 2017 due to energy generation by the braking system. This excludes the emission reductions from the potential cars taken off the road after the metro. DMRC’s second CDM project, which is on the way, is based on the shift of passengers travelling by road transport to the metro trains.
Metro systems under intellectual attack
Despite its carbon credentials and fast progress in construction, the Delhi metro has been the major controversial issue of urban policy-making in the city in recent years. Several criticisms are being made against the project by academic and professional communities as well as the media, given that passenger numbers are far behind expectations.
Answer:A well functioning and efficient transport infrastructure is essential to almost any major city. They are commonplace in many cities and their origins tell us much about urban development.
The first underground railway was constructed in London in 1863, initially using steam trains and then becoming the first electric railway in 1890. Whilst initially connecting key points in the city (usually mainline railway terminals), the underground gradually grew, spreading its tentacles into the suburbs.
In the interwar period in Britain, this new form of transportation became known as Metroland, it transformed sleepy villages into suburban sameness and was responsible for developing much of the suburbs West of London. Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman immortalised the spirit of Metroland, the future that awaited these areas and the modernity imposed upon them in his 1954 poem A few late Chysanthemums:
Gaily into Ruislip Gardens
Runs the red electric train,
With a thousand Ta’s and Pardon’s
Daintily alights Elaine;
Hurries down the concrete station
With a frown of concentration,
Out into the outskirt’s edges
Where a few surviving hedges
Keep alive our lost Elysium — rural Middlesex again.
The world’s first CDM-registered metro project
Half a world away and nearly a century later, many cities in developing countries are facing serious transport problems due to rapidly rising populations and growing economies. One such city is Delhi, where a metro project has been developed to address the ever more pressing transport problems in the Indian capital.
The rapid increase in the number and use of private cars and two-wheelers is leading to various problems including air pollution, traffic congestion, increased accidents and carbon emissions. Vehicular pollution is the main contributor to worsening of air quality in Delhi, accounting for 72% of total air pollution in 2001.
Initially, policies were introduced by national and state governments based on vehicle and fuel efficiency, such as phasing out older vehicles and making compressed natural gas (CNG) a mandatory fuel in public transportation. However, more recently, policies are focused on improving public transportation infrastructure, with the city’s new metro as the flagship project.
The Delhi metro is designed to be completed in four phases, of which two have been implemented to date. Phases I and II of the network, with a total route length of 193 km, were completed in 2006 and 2011 respectively. The project has been funded largely by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) through Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) loans. Around 65% of the cost of the first two phases is covered in this way.
Despite its carbon credentials and fast progress in construction, the Delhi metro has been the major controversial issue of urban policy-making in the city in recent years.
Phases III and IV are to be completed by 2021, with the intention of increasing the total network coverage to 414 km. At present, Delhi metro carries approximately 1.8 million passengers in a day, representing fewer than 20% of total passenger trips in the city.
A distinctive feature of the metro is that it was the world’s first transport project to receive carbon credits under the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) Clean Development Mechanism or CDM. Its braking system regenerates around 35% of the total energy consumed to run the whole system. The regenerative braking technology in the braking system of the Delhi metro enables the trains that are in braking mode to generate electricity, and then the regenerated electricity is transferred to the trains in powering mode by the entire system. As per the estimations made by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), 41,160 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year will be reduced between 2007 and 2017 due to energy generation by the braking system. This excludes the emission reductions from the potential cars taken off the road after the metro. DMRC’s second CDM project, which is on the way, is based on the shift of passengers travelling by road transport to the metro trains.
Metro systems under intellectual attack
Despite its carbon credentials and fast progress in construction, the Delhi metro has been the major controversial issue of urban policy-making in the city in recent years. Several criticisms are being made against the project by academic and professional communities as well as the media, given that passenger numbers are far behind expectations.
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