Question

Please give me hand written notes of class 10 CBSE science chapter carbon and its compounds​

Answer 1

hope this may be useful....

Answer 2

Revision Notes on Carbon and its Compounds

Two or more elements combine to form compound. There are two types of compounds- Organic Compound and Inorganic Compounds. Organic compounds are the one which are made up of carbon and hydrogen.

Covalent Bond

The bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons between two atoms are known as Covalent Bond. Carbon forms covalent bond. Carbon exists in two forms- as free state and as combined state. Free form of carbon is found in graphite, diamond and fullerene. In combined state, carbon exists as Carbon-dioxide, Glucose, Sugar etc.
Allotropes of Carbon

Different forms of an element that has same chemical properties but different physical properties are known as Allotropes. There are three allotropes of carbon- diamond, graphite and fullerene.

Diamond

Diamond exits as three-dimensional network with strong carbon-carbon covalent bonds. Diamond is hard in nature with high melting point. It shines in presence of light and it is a bad conductor of electricity. The most common use of diamond is in making jewellery. It is also used in cutting and drilling tools.

Graphite

Graphite is made from weak van der wall forces. Each carbon atom is bonded with other three carbon atoms in order to form hexagonal rings. It serves as good conductor of heat and electricity. It is used as dry lubricant for machine parts as well as it is used in lead pencils.

Fullerene

It is a hollow cage which exits in the form of sphere. Its structure is similar to fullerene. But along with hexagonal rings, sometimes pentagonal or heptagonal rings are also present.



Fig.1 Structure of fullerene

Two Important Properties of Carbon

Catenation and tetravalency are the two important properties of carbon. Catenation is a property of carbon by which carbon atoms can link one another via covalent bond and can form long chains, closed ring or branched chains etc. Carbon atoms can be linked by single, double or triple bonds. Carbon has a valency of 4 due to which it is known to have tetravalency. Due to this one carbon atom can bond with other 4 carbon atoms, with other atoms also such as Oxygen, Nitrogen etc.

Hydrocarbons

Compounds which are made up of carbon and hydrogen they are known as Hydrocarbons. There are two types of hydrocarbons found - Saturated Hydrocarbons and UnsaturatedHydrocarbons. Saturated Hydrocarbons consist of single bonds between the carbon atoms. For Example, Alkanes. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons represented by a formula, CnH2n+2.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons are the one with double or triple bonds between the carbon atoms. For Example, Alkenes and Alkynes. Alkenes are represented as CnH2n whereas alkynes are represented as CnH2n-2. Some saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons are represented as -



Fig.2. Saturated hydrocarbons

 

Fig. 3. Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Structure of hydrocarbons can be represented in the form of electron dot structure as well as open structures as shown below-



Fig.4. Electron dot structure and open structure of ethane



Fig.5. Electron dot structure and open structure of ethyne

 

Carbons Compounds based on the basis of structure

Carbon Compounds can be classified as straight chain compounds, branched chain compounds and cyclic compounds.They are represented as -



Fig.6. Straight chain carbon compound



Fig.7. Branched chain compounds



Fig.8. Cyclic carbon compounds

Functional Groups

One of the hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon can be replaced by other atoms according to their valencies. The atoms which decides the properties of the carbon atoms, are known as Functional Groups. For Example, Cl, Br, -OH, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid etc.

Homologous Series

Series of compounds in which same functional group substitutes for the hydrogen atom in a chain of carbon.



Fig.9. Homologous series

Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds

First of all, identify the number of carbon atoms in compounds. And in it identify the longest chain

Then functional group can be indicated by suffix or prefix.

Cyclic hydrocarbon is designated by prefix cyclo.

If there are two or more different substituents they are listed in alphabetical order

If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location of each point on which the substituent occurs is given