please provide a brief note for the chapter Life process
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Answer:
Go for chapter no 1 for biology and se the daigram of human being thats a important is how is digeation,,,, which step is required,, waht enxzyme are requred, so on read
Revision Notes on Life Processes
All the processes such as respiration, nutrition, circulation, excretion etc. that are necessary for the survival of the living organisms are known as life processes.
Modes of Nutrition
The two most common type of nutrition are autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition.
Autotrophic Nutrition
It is a type of nutrition in which inorganic materials such as carbon-dioxide, is used up to synthesize organic food by a process known as photosynthesis. For example, green plants use autotrophic mode of nutrition. Organisms which uses autotrophic mode of nutrition are known as autotrophs.
Now the question arises how autotrophic nutrition occurs in plants using photosynthesis?
For the photosynthesis to occur, carbon-dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll are the required raw materials. Sunlight provides energy, chlorophyll is used to absorb the sunlight, carbon-dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates and water is oxidized to release the oxygen. Water is taken up from the soil through the roots.
The site where the photosynthesis occurs in known as chloroplast. They contain green colour pigment known as chlorophyll that traps sunlight for photosynthesis.
Steps of the photosynthesis are as follows-
Absorption of light by chlorophyll.
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
Splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
Finally, reduction of carbon-dioxide into carbohydrates.
Leaves contain small openings known as stomata which helps in exchange of gases. Stomata/stoma is surrounded by guard cell which guards the opening and closing of stomata. Guard cells also contain chloroplast.
Structure of Stomata
Fig.1. Structure of Stomata
The overall equation of photosynthesis is:
Fig.2. Overall Equation of Photosynthesis
Heterotrophic Nutrition
In this mode of nutrition, an organism is unable to synthesize its own food. It is of following types-
1. Holozoic nutrition is a type of nutrition where an organism takes in whole food and break it inside the body. For example, Amoeba.
2. Saprophytic nutrition is a nutrition in which organisms feed on dead and decaying matter. For example, fungi.
3. Parasitic nutrition is a nutrition in which organism feed on living host. For example, Cuscutta.
Nutrition in Human Beings
Humans consists of alimentary canal which starts from mouth and ends at anus. The parts of the alimentary canal are as follows-
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Oesophagus/food pipe
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. Large intestine
7. Rectum
8. Anus
Human Digestive System
Fig.3. Human Digestive System
Mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal. mouth consists of muscular tongue and teeth’s. cavity inside the mouth is known as oral cavity.
Human Digestive System
Fig.4. Human Mouth Parts
Mechanism of Digestion of Food
Food digestion process begins in the mouth. Food is complex in nature.
To breakdown food and absorb it, we need biological catalyst known as enzymes.
Mouth contains salivary glands that secrete saliva. Saliva contains an important enzyme known as salivary enzymes that breaks down starch into simple sugars.
The food then passes via oesophagus into the stomach. The movement of the food inside the oesophagus occurs via rhythmic contraction of muscles, this is known as peristalsis.
Stomach contains gastric glands that secrete mucus, hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Pepsin is a protein digesting enzyme.
After stomach, food then enters into small intestine. Small intestine is larger in herbivores due to cellulose digestion compared to carnivores.
Complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats occurs in small intestine.
Small intestine receives secretions from pancreas and bile from the liver. Bile helps in emulsification of fats whereas pancreas secrete enzymes such as trypsin for protein digestion. Intestinal wall also contains glands that secrete intestinal juice.
Small intestine has villi that increases the surface area for the absorption of food.
The unabsorbed food is then transferred to large intestine where water is absorbed.
Undigested food is then expelled out from the anus.
Respiration
It is a metabolic process which involves breakdown of food to release energy is known as respiration.
Breakdown of glucose by different pathways
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