Question

Please read the passage and answer the questions. Thanks
Summary Passage
The major undesirable aspect of transportation of crude oil to refineries and petroleum product from refineries is the spillages caused by leaks in pipelines or damage to pipelines, pumps failure, all by accident involving barges, oil tankers, and road and rail tankers. Such spilled oil and product can cause water and land pollution problems. Patches of soil soaked with crude oil and petroleum product can be observed along the pipeline between the Warri refinery Jetty and the refinery itself. Laying of pipeline network for crude oil and petroleum product transportation and distribution, respectively, have socioeconomic impact which cannot be ignored.
More than 60% of the Nigerian population are famers while land tenure/ownership is a sensitive issue. Invariably, farmlands have to give way to pipelines. On the negative side, farmers are displaced from their farms, their major means of survival. Compensations, which may take years to pay are normally paid to those displaced. On the positive side, some of the displaced farmers may change jobs and join the maintenance gang for maintaining the pipelines on higher pay compared to the meagre earning from their farms.
Oil refineries like most industries, use large quantities of water, about 0.110m3/ton, for the various processes. About 80-90% of the total water used by the average refinery is for cooling purposes only and it is not contaminated except by leaks in the pipelines. For water budget balancing, most of the processed water is discharged after undergoing physio-chemical and biological treatment processes, as waste water into the nearest water body. So large volume of effluents are discharged from refineries and the corresponding impact on the receiving water body depends on its nature and characteristics, that is whether it is costal water or inlands water ways such as rivers and streams.
Other critical areas that the exploitation of petroleum has adversely affected are in the oil palm and rubber industries. Palm oil harvesting, which was exclusively in the hands of migrant fruit gatherers, has ended in the areas. This area which had in 1966 three oil mills in Kreigani, Ebocha and Erema and a trading post by the UAC no longer possesses any of these. According to the Orlu and Isoko palm fruit harvesters who returned to their previously rented land after civil war, they discovered to their dismay that most of the palm trees had been destroyed or completely uprooted by the auxiliary companies working for both Agip and Elf. In some cases there were withering of palm trees due to either the persisting gas flares or because of water logging or pollution. These fruit gatherers were so disappointed that many returned to their homes for other occupations while a few Ibos started to hanging around dovetailing retail trade and supplies with the expectation of getting labour jobs with oil companies. These unpleasant happenings occur as new wells are opened up. (Source: Sanda M. and J. Owoeye (2002), Alternative Sources of Funding for the Oil and Gas Industries in Nigeria. Ibadan: Evans Brothers Limited. Pp. 80-81)
Question:
What are the unpleasant consequences of oil exploration discussed in the passage?

Answer 1

Answer:

harvesting... may be.....