please send me any one politics notes of ch 1 class 10th cbse board.
please
Answers
Answer:
Ethnic’:
Ethnic means a social division based on shared culture and common descent. People belonging to an ethnic group need not have the same religion or nationality.
Majoritarianism:
A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority is majoritarianism.
Power Sharing in Sri Lanka:
Two major social groups are: (a) Sri Lankan Tamils and (b) Indian Tamils. Sinhala-speaking (74 percent) — Buddhism
Tamil-speaking (18 percent)—Hindus or Muslims: Sri Lankan Tamils (13 percent), Indian Tamils (5 percent).
Establishment of Sinhala supremacy:
Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The democratically elected government adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy:
In 1956, an Act was passed to make Sinhala the official language.
The government followed preferential policies favoring Sinhala applicants for University positions and government jobs.
The Constitution provided for State protection and fostering of Buddhism.
The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders were sensitive to their language and culture and the government policies denied their equal political rights. The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggled for the recognition of Tamil, regional autonomy, and equality of opportunity in every field. Therefore, the measures adopted by the government to establish Sinhala supremacy led to Civil War.
The ethnic composition of Belgium:
Belgium is a small country in Europe, having a population of a little over one crore. 59 percent of the country’s total population lives in the Flemish region and speaks the Dutch language. Another 40 percent of people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. The remaining one percent of the Belgians speak German. Whereas in the Belgian capital, Brussels, 80 percent of the population is French-speaking and 20 percent is Dutch-speaking.
Belgian power-sharing model:
The power-sharing arrangements made by the Belgian leaders were different and more innovative than any other country. To recognize the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities, they amended their Constitution four times between 1970 and 1993.
The major elements of the Belgian Model are:
Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. No single community can take decisions unilaterally.
The State Governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
Brussels, the capital, has a separate government where both the communities have equal representation.
The third kind of government, ‘Community Government’, is elected by people belonging to one language community — Dutch, French, and German-speaking—no matter where they live. This government can decide on cultural, educational, and language-related issues.
‘Lebanon’—conflict related to power-sharing disputes were resolved by power-sharing:
People from various communities lived in Lebanon’s capital city, Beirut, and fought a bitter Civil War amongst themselves. As a result, thousands of people from various communities were either killed or lost their livelihood. At the end of this Civil War, Lebanon’s leaders came together and agreed to some basic rules for power-sharing among different communities. As per these rules, it was agreed that:
The President would be from the Maronite sect of Catholic Christians;
The Prime Minister must be from the Sunni Muslim community;
Deputy Prime Minister would be from an Orthodox Christian sect;
Speaker—a Shia Muslim.
As per the pact, the Christians agreed not to seek French protection and Muslims agreed not to seek unification with the neighboring state of Syria.