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Answer:
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Explanation:
(8) osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
(9)The type of chromosomes based on the position of centromere are of the following four types :
1) Metacentric chromosome: centromere in middle forming two equal arms.
2) Sub-metacentric chromosome: centromere placed near to one end resulting in one shorter and one long arm.
3) Acrocentric chromosome: Centromere placed close to one end forming one extreme short and one extreme long arm.
4) Telocentric chromosome: terminally placed centromere.
(10)The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin. Often, other polymers such as lignin, suberin or cutin are anchored to or embedded in plant cell walls.
(11)The centromere is the specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids (a dyad).[1] During mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere via the kinetochore.[2] Centromeres were first thought to be genetic loci that direct the behavior of chromosomes.
(12)In eukaryotic cells, mitochondrion and chloroplast are semi autonomous organelles as it posses its own DNA. Majority of proteins needed for these organelles are coded by DNA or genes in the nucleus. Only few proteins are coded by organellar DNA. That is why these organelles are called semi autonomous organelles.
(13)ingestion: Amoeba takes in its food through this process. Initially, it pushes out its pseudopodia so that it can encircle the food. After this, it engulfs the food, thus forming a bag-like structure called food vacuole. The process is known as “phagocytosis”.
(14)Plastids that contain chlorophyll can carry out photosynthesis and are called chloroplasts. Plastids can also store products like starch and can synthesize fatty acids and terpenes, which can be used for producing energy and as raw material for the synthesis of other molecules.
(15)leucoplasts are a category of plastid and as such are organelles found in plant cells. They are non-pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such as the chloroplast.