Question

prepare a project report on three states of matter​

Answer 1

Answer:

Matter can exist in one of three main states: solid, liquid, or gas.

Solid matter is composed of tightly packed particles. A solid will retain its shape; the particles are not free to move around.

Liquid matter is made of more loosely packed particles. It will take the shape of its container. Particles can move about within a liquid, but they are packed densely enough that volume is maintained.

Gaseous matter is composed of particles packed so loosely that it has neither a defined shape nor a defined volume. A gas can be compressed.

Terms

solidA substance that retains its size and shape without a container; a substance whose molecules cannot move freely except to vibrate.

gasA substance that can only be contained if it is fully surrounded by a container (or held together by gravitational pull); a substance whose molecules have negligible intermolecular interactions and can move freely.

liquidA substance that flows and keeps no definite shape because its molecules are loosely packed and constantly moving. It takes the shape of its container but maintains constant volume.

The three states of matter are the three distinct physical forms that matter can take in most environments: solid, liquid, and gas. In extreme environments, other states may be present, such as plasma, Bose-Einstein condensates, and neutron stars. Further states, such as quark-gluon plasmas, are also believed to be possible. Much of the atomic matter of the universe is hot plasma in the form of rarefied interstellar medium and dense stars.

Historically, the states of matter were distinguished based on qualitative differences in their bulk properties. Solid is the state in which matter maintains a fixed volume and shape; liquid is the state in which matter adapts to the shape of its container but varies only slightly in volume; and gas is the state in which matter expands to occupy the volume and shape of its container. Each of these three classical states of matter can transition directly into either of the other two classical states.

The states of matterThis diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions.

Solids

A solid’s particles are packed closely together. The forces between the particles are strong enough that the particles cannot move freely; they can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape and a definite volume. Solids can only change shape under force, as when broken or cut.

In crystalline solids, particles are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern. There are many different crystal structures, and the same substance can have more than one structure. For example, iron has a body-centered cubic structure at temperatures below 912 °C and a face-centered cubic structure between 912 and 1394 °C. Ice has fifteen known crystal structures, each of which exists at a different temperature and pressure.

A solid can transform into a liquid through melting, and a liquid can transform into a solid through freezing. A solid can also change directly into a gas through a process called sublimation.

Liquids

A liquid is a fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but that retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure. The volume is definite (does not change) if the temperature and pressure are constant. When a solid is heated above its melting point, it becomes liquid because the pressure is higher than the triple point of the substance. Intermolecular (or interatomic or interionic) forces are still important, but the molecules have enough energy to move around, which makes the structure mobile. This means that a liquid is not definite in shape but rather conforms to the shape of its container. Its volume is usually greater than that of its corresponding solid (water is a well-known exception to this rule). The highest temperature at which a particular liquid can exist is called its critical temperature.

A liquid can be converted to a gas through heating at constant pressure to the substance’s boiling point or through reduction of pressure at constant temperature. This process of a liquid changing to a gas is called evaporation.

Gases

Gas molecules have either very weak bonds or no bonds at all, so they can move freely and quickly. Because of this, not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container, it will also expand to completely fill the container. Gas molecules have enough kinetic energy that the effect of intermolecular forces is small (or zero, for an ideal gas), and they are spaced very far apart from each other; the typical distance between neighboring molecules is much greater than the size of the molecules themselves.

 

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Three states of Matter:

Learning Objective:

     Describe the three states of matter.

Key points:

• Matter can exist in one of the three main states: solid, liquid and gas.

• Solid matter is composed of tightly packed particles. A solid will retain its shape: the particles are not free to move around.
• Liquid matter is made of more loosely packed particles. It will take the shape of its container. Particles can move within the liquid, but they are packed densely enough that volume is maintained.
• Gaseous matter is composed of particles packed so loosely that it has neither a defined shape nor a defined volume. A gas can be compressed.

Solids:

  A solid's particle are packed closely together. The forces between the particles cannot move freely, they can only vibrate. For example, iron has a body-centered cubic structure at temperature. A solid can transform into a liquid through melting and a liquid can transform into a solid through freezing.

Liquids:

    A liquids is a fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but that retains a nearly constant volume independent of pressure. The volume is definite if the temperature and pressure are constant. A liquid can be converted to a gas through heating at constant pressure to the substances boiling point or through reduction of pressure at constant temperature.

Gases:

  Gases molecules have either very week bonds or no bonds at all , so they  can move freely and quickly . A gas at a temperature below its critical temperature can also be called a vapor. A vapor can be liquefied through compression without cooling. It can also exist in equilibrium with a liquid, in which case the gas pressure of the liquid .