prepare a questionnaire to sugar factory
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Sugar is one of the significant agricultural products and industries processing sugar are vital for Indian economy. Sugar industry is one of the important agro-based industries in India. The industry has created significant socio-economic impact on rural agro-based economy in particular, and Indian economy in general. The residues from Sugar are part of the natural products.
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These being highly putrescible create environmental hazards if permitted to be thrown away without proper treatment and subsequent careful disposal. The cane Sugar manufacturing industry is essential in the production of many varieties of foods.
Sugar is used in cakes, ice cream, candy, and soft drinks as well as in other foods and beverages. In India, most of the Sugar mills are situated in the countryside and operate for about 4 to 8 months just after the harvesting of the Sugarcanes.
Sugarcane is normally harvested manually in India, which eliminates the carrying of soil and trash to the factory along with the Sugarcanes. A large volume of waste of organic nature is produced during the period of production, and normally they are discharged onto land or into nearby watercourses, usually small streams, practically without pre-treatment.
Conditions become worse as the stream flow reaches a very low level and when enough dilution water is not available during the period of operation of the Sugar mills (early November to end of May or June).
Putrefaction of the polluted stream water caused by the heavy discharge of organic waste, resulting in odour nuisance near Sugar mills has been a very common phenomenon. When the untreated Effluents are discharged into the environment, they disrupt the ecological area of living organisms.
Effluent discharges from Sugar mills constitute a number of chemical pollutants, such as oil and grease, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrite, phosphate, in addition to total suspended solids, dissolved solids, volatile solids and scopes of other toxicants.
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These pollutants could bring about changes in temperature, humidity, oxygen supply, pesticide, stress, etc., amounting to a partial or complete alteration in the physical, chemical and physiological spheres of the biota.
Basically Sugar is sucrose, a disaccharide extracted from Sugarcane.
Sugar manufacturing can be categorized as follows:
1. Gur and Raw Sugar (sakar) manufacture.
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2. Khandsari-manufacture of unrefined low grade Sugar.
3. Double Carbonation, Double Sulphitation Process
4. Double Sulphitation Process.
As per COINDS/8/1980-81 of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Sugar factories are classified on the basis of crushing capacity as under:
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Small unit –up to 1500 TCD
Medium -1501 to 3000 TCD
Large – Above 3000 TCD
Process Description of Sugar Industry:
The various steps involved for the production of Sugar are as follows:
1. Procurement of Sugarcane.
2. Milling of Sugarcane.
3. Juice Preparation.
4 Juice Concentration.
5. Syrup Processing and Crystallization.
6 Sugar Crystal Separation, Drying, Packaging and Molasses Handling.
7. Bagasse Utilization.
The Sugarcanes are cut into pieces and crushed in a series of rollers to extract the juice, in the ‘mill house’. The milk of lime is then added to the juice and heated, when all the colloidal and suspended impurities are coagulated. During this treatment, much of the colour is also removed.
The coagulated juice is then clarified to remove the sludge. The clarifier sludge is further filtered through filter presses and then disposed off as solid waste. The filtrate is recycled to the process and the entire quantity of clarified juice is treated by passing sulphur dioxide gas through it. This process is known as “Sulphitation” (Fig.1); colour of the juice is completely bleached out in this process.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
These being highly putrescible create environmental hazards if permitted to be thrown away without proper treatment and subsequent careful disposal. The cane Sugar manufacturing industry is essential in the production of many varieties of foods.
Sugar is used in cakes, ice cream, candy, and soft drinks as well as in other foods and beverages. In India, most of the Sugar mills are situated in the countryside and operate for about 4 to 8 months just after the harvesting of the Sugarcanes.
Sugarcane is normally harvested manually in India, which eliminates the carrying of soil and trash to the factory along with the Sugarcanes. A large volume of waste of organic nature is produced during the period of production, and normally they are discharged onto land or into nearby watercourses, usually small streams, practically without pre-treatment.
Conditions become worse as the stream flow reaches a very low level and when enough dilution water is not available during the period of operation of the Sugar mills (early November to end of May or June).
Putrefaction of the polluted stream water caused by the heavy discharge of organic waste, resulting in odour nuisance near Sugar mills has been a very common phenomenon. When the untreated Effluents are discharged into the environment, they disrupt the ecological area of living organisms.
Effluent discharges from Sugar mills constitute a number of chemical pollutants, such as oil and grease, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrite, phosphate, in addition to total suspended solids, dissolved solids, volatile solids and scopes of other toxicants.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
These pollutants could bring about changes in temperature, humidity, oxygen supply, pesticide, stress, etc., amounting to a partial or complete alteration in the physical, chemical and physiological spheres of the biota.
Basically Sugar is sucrose, a disaccharide extracted from Sugarcane.
Sugar manufacturing can be categorized as follows:
1. Gur and Raw Sugar (sakar) manufacture.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
2. Khandsari-manufacture of unrefined low grade Sugar.
3. Double Carbonation, Double Sulphitation Process
4. Double Sulphitation Process.
As per COINDS/8/1980-81 of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Sugar factories are classified on the basis of crushing capacity as under:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Small unit –up to 1500 TCD
Medium -1501 to 3000 TCD
Large – Above 3000 TCD
Process Description of Sugar Industry:
The various steps involved for the production of Sugar are as follows:
1. Procurement of Sugarcane.
2. Milling of Sugarcane.
3. Juice Preparation.
4 Juice Concentration.
5. Syrup Processing and Crystallization.
6 Sugar Crystal Separation, Drying, Packaging and Molasses Handling.
7. Bagasse Utilization.
The Sugarcanes are cut into pieces and crushed in a series of rollers to extract the juice, in the ‘mill house’. The milk of lime is then added to the juice and heated, when all the colloidal and suspended impurities are coagulated. During this treatment, much of the colour is also removed.
The coagulated juice is then clarified to remove the sludge. The clarifier sludge is further filtered through filter presses and then disposed off as solid waste. The filtrate is recycled to the process and the entire quantity of clarified juice is treated by passing sulphur dioxide gas through it. This process is known as “Sulphitation” (Fig.1); colour of the juice is completely bleached out in this process.
pcjan2413:
very good answer
thanks for that
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Sugar factory
In this sugar is prepare from the factories by some factories .
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