Prepare a table of soils detailing the formation, origin, composition and distribution of various soil
types. (ch.1 geo) class 10 pls answer
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Answer:
The soil is formed when rocks are broken down by the action of wind, water and climate. This process is called weathering. The characteristic features of a soil depend upon the rocks from which it has been formed and the kind of plants that grow in it. Soil forms different layers of particles of different sizes. Each layer is different from the other in texture, colour and chemical composition. Even the thickness of each layer is not the same. A vertical section that shows the different layers of soil is called a soil profile. Each layer is called a horizon. The classification and properties the Indian soil are discussed below:
Classification and Properties of the major soil in India
1. Alluvial Soil
Composition: Rich in lime potash, Poor in phosphorous and humus
Formation: Silt brought by rivers
Characteristics: Very fertile, fine grained both in new alluvium (Khadar) and old alluvium
Distribution: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal
Crops: Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane, Cotton, Oilseeds and Jute
2. Black Soil (Regur)
Composition: Rich in lime, aluminium, calcium, potash, iron, magnesium. Poor in nitrogen and humus.
Formation: Weathering of volcanic rocks
Characteristics: Water retentive cracks develops when dry
Distribution: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu
Crops: Cotton, Sugarcane, oilseeds and Tobacco
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3. Red and Yellow Soil
Composition: Rich in iron, poor in lime, phosphorous, calcium and nitrogen
Formation: Decomposition of granite, gneiss and metamorphic rocks
Characteristics: Not water retentive. When fertilizers are added, soil become productive
Distribution: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka
Crops: Bajra, maize, pulses, potatoes, fruits
4. Laterite Soil
Composition: Rich in iron, poor in lime, phosphorous, calcium, nitrogen
Formation: Leaching of laterite rocks
Characteristics: Agriculturally less important. Bricks are made for house construction
Distribution: Peculiar to India- Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Odisha
Crops: Cashew, Tapioca, Coffee and Rubber
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5. Forest Soil
Composition: Rich in humus. Poor in potash, phosphorous and lime
Formation: Decomposition of organic matter
Characteristics: Heterogeneous, character changes with parent rocks and climate. Require good deal of fertilizers.
Distribution: Himalayan region. Western and Eastern Ghats
Crops: Temperate fruits, spices, tea, coffee
6. Saline Soil (Reh, Kallar, Usar, Thur,and Rakar Chopan)
Composition: Rich in Chloride, calcium, and magnesium
Formation: Accumulation of soluble salt
Characteristics: Unproductive soil. In Punjab and Haryana gypsum is added to improve the soil
Distribution: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Maharashtra
Crops: Barseem, Dhaincha and leguminous crops
It is a major component of the Earth's ecosystem as well as life process. Hence, it is our duty to preserve and protect the soil from the exploitation. Otherwise, the world's ecosystems will be impacted through far-reaching ways by the processes carried out in the soil, from ozone depletion and global warming, rainforest destruction and water pollution.