primary alkyl halides undergo E2 reaction in.......
a)polar solvents
b)non polar solvents c)electrolytic solutions
d)polar and non polar solvents
with explantion...
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The Quick N’ Dirty Guide To SN1/SN2/E1/E2 Reactions, Part 3: The Role of Solvent
Let’s continue with our Quick N Dirty guide to SN1/SN2/E1/E2 – a quick walkthrough of thinking through this reaction decision.
After having examined the substrate and the base/nucleophile in an SN1/SN2/E1/E2 reaction, this post is about the next question to ask:
What’s The Solvent?
Recall that there are two important types of solvents to consider: polar protic solvents and polar aprotic solvents. [See: All About Solvents]
Let’s do a little review, looking at polar protic solvents first.
Polar protic solvents are capable of hydrogen bonding. Recall that hydrogen bonding occurs where we have a highly electronegative atom such as O or N directly bonded to hydrogen:
examples of polar protic solvents that are hydrogen bond donors eg water methanol ethanol
Quick N’ Dirty Tip: Solvents with OH or NH groups are polar protic solvents
Hydrogen bonding is directly responsible for the high boiling points of solvents such as water and ethanol; the partial positive charges on hydrogen are attracted to the partial negative charges on the electronegative atoms. This is also why water is such an excellent solvent for charged species such as halide ions; hydrogen bonding solvents surround negatively charged ions like a jacket.
hydrogen bonding solvents form a shell of solvent around the nucleophile that reduces nucleophilicity
Polar Protic Solvents “Cling” To Nucleophiles via Hydrogen Bonding, And Nucleophilicity Goes Up As We Go Down The Periodic Table
This “jacket” of solvent molecules – much like a protective crowd of bobbies – means that these anions do not have the freedom of action they would normally have if they weren’t surrounded by clingy hordes of solvent molecules. That is, nucleophiles are made less nucleophilic! The propensity to form hydrogen bonds is highest for small, highly electronegative ions such as fluorine and decreases as ions get larger (and the charge is more diffuse).
This means that in polar protic solvents, the nucleophilicity of halide anions increases as we go down the periodic table.
recall order of nucleophilicity in polar protic solvents increases going down the periodic table fluoride less nucleophilic than iodide
Polar Aprotic Solvents Do Not Hydrogen-Bond With Nucleophiles, And Therefore Nucleophilicity In These Solvents Correlates With Basicity
Now let’s talk about polar aprotic solvents; polar aprotic solvents are polar enough to dissolve charged species (such as halide ions) but do not donate hydrogen bonds. This means that in solvents such as DMSO, DMF, acetone, or acetonitrile, nucleophilicity correlates much better with basicity (and bond strength, as C-F > C-Cl > C-Br > C-I ) – and therefore nucleophilicity decreases as we go down the periodic table.
polar aprotic solvents cannot hydrogen bond with nucleophiles therefore nucleophilicity does not decrease and correlates well with instabiility basicity and bond strength
So what’s the bottom line when it comes to SN1/SN2/E1/E2?
The bottom line is this:
Quick N’ Dirty Rule #5: Polar protic solvents tend to favor elimination (E2) over substitution (SN2). Polar aprotic solvents tend to favor substitution (SN2) relative to elimination (E2)
Let’s go back to the examples we were looking at in the first two posts.
Practically, you’ll only need to consider the solvent in an SN1/SN2/E1/E2 decision when you’ve already analyzed the substrate and the nucleophile/base.
This is usually the case when you have a secondary alkyl halide with a strongly basic nucleophile such as NaOCH3 or NaOH.
That’s especially the case in example #2, where we really can’t make the call as to whether it’s SN2 or E2 until we’ve looked at the solvent. The fact that we are using a polar protic solvent (EtOH) is the crucial piece of information that clinches the reaction as E2.
analyzing sn1 sn2 e1 e2 reactions third question is solvent which determines sn2 vs e2 mostly
In the last post in this series we’ll look at the impact of temperature on these reactions.
Next Post: The Role Of Temperature
[Edit Dec 13]: What’s the weakness of the Quick N’ Dirty approach? Well, it doesn’t really capture the true situation in these reactions, that is, that they don’t always give one product exclusively. So keep in mind that when the Quick N’ Dirty approach says that E2 is the major product, you may also have a small amount of competing SN2 occurring as well, or if SN1 is favored, you might have small amounts of other reaction products also. The key points of this exercise is to 1) remember the major factors that affect each type of reaction, and 2) once you know the type of reaction, be able to apply it.
Let’s continue with our Quick N Dirty guide to SN1/SN2/E1/E2 – a quick walkthrough of thinking through this reaction decision.
After having examined the substrate and the base/nucleophile in an SN1/SN2/E1/E2 reaction, this post is about the next question to ask:
What’s The Solvent?
Recall that there are two important types of solvents to consider: polar protic solvents and polar aprotic solvents. [See: All About Solvents]
Let’s do a little review, looking at polar protic solvents first.
Polar protic solvents are capable of hydrogen bonding. Recall that hydrogen bonding occurs where we have a highly electronegative atom such as O or N directly bonded to hydrogen:
examples of polar protic solvents that are hydrogen bond donors eg water methanol ethanol
Quick N’ Dirty Tip: Solvents with OH or NH groups are polar protic solvents
Hydrogen bonding is directly responsible for the high boiling points of solvents such as water and ethanol; the partial positive charges on hydrogen are attracted to the partial negative charges on the electronegative atoms. This is also why water is such an excellent solvent for charged species such as halide ions; hydrogen bonding solvents surround negatively charged ions like a jacket.
hydrogen bonding solvents form a shell of solvent around the nucleophile that reduces nucleophilicity
Polar Protic Solvents “Cling” To Nucleophiles via Hydrogen Bonding, And Nucleophilicity Goes Up As We Go Down The Periodic Table
This “jacket” of solvent molecules – much like a protective crowd of bobbies – means that these anions do not have the freedom of action they would normally have if they weren’t surrounded by clingy hordes of solvent molecules. That is, nucleophiles are made less nucleophilic! The propensity to form hydrogen bonds is highest for small, highly electronegative ions such as fluorine and decreases as ions get larger (and the charge is more diffuse).
This means that in polar protic solvents, the nucleophilicity of halide anions increases as we go down the periodic table.
recall order of nucleophilicity in polar protic solvents increases going down the periodic table fluoride less nucleophilic than iodide
Polar Aprotic Solvents Do Not Hydrogen-Bond With Nucleophiles, And Therefore Nucleophilicity In These Solvents Correlates With Basicity
Now let’s talk about polar aprotic solvents; polar aprotic solvents are polar enough to dissolve charged species (such as halide ions) but do not donate hydrogen bonds. This means that in solvents such as DMSO, DMF, acetone, or acetonitrile, nucleophilicity correlates much better with basicity (and bond strength, as C-F > C-Cl > C-Br > C-I ) – and therefore nucleophilicity decreases as we go down the periodic table.
polar aprotic solvents cannot hydrogen bond with nucleophiles therefore nucleophilicity does not decrease and correlates well with instabiility basicity and bond strength
So what’s the bottom line when it comes to SN1/SN2/E1/E2?
The bottom line is this:
Quick N’ Dirty Rule #5: Polar protic solvents tend to favor elimination (E2) over substitution (SN2). Polar aprotic solvents tend to favor substitution (SN2) relative to elimination (E2)
Let’s go back to the examples we were looking at in the first two posts.
Practically, you’ll only need to consider the solvent in an SN1/SN2/E1/E2 decision when you’ve already analyzed the substrate and the nucleophile/base.
This is usually the case when you have a secondary alkyl halide with a strongly basic nucleophile such as NaOCH3 or NaOH.
That’s especially the case in example #2, where we really can’t make the call as to whether it’s SN2 or E2 until we’ve looked at the solvent. The fact that we are using a polar protic solvent (EtOH) is the crucial piece of information that clinches the reaction as E2.
analyzing sn1 sn2 e1 e2 reactions third question is solvent which determines sn2 vs e2 mostly
In the last post in this series we’ll look at the impact of temperature on these reactions.
Next Post: The Role Of Temperature
[Edit Dec 13]: What’s the weakness of the Quick N’ Dirty approach? Well, it doesn’t really capture the true situation in these reactions, that is, that they don’t always give one product exclusively. So keep in mind that when the Quick N’ Dirty approach says that E2 is the major product, you may also have a small amount of competing SN2 occurring as well, or if SN1 is favored, you might have small amounts of other reaction products also. The key points of this exercise is to 1) remember the major factors that affect each type of reaction, and 2) once you know the type of reaction, be able to apply it.
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