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The source of primary cultures is excised animal tissue that is cultured either as an explant culture, suspension or as monolayer and maintained in vitro. The excised tissue is subjected to enzyme treatment and the dissociated cells are cultured under the appropriate conditions in culture medium until they reach adequate numbers. The isolated primary cells are of two types:
Adherent cells/ Anchorage Dependent cells - Cells that require attachment for growth are called anchorage dependent cells. The adherent cells are mostly derived from tissues of organs (such as kidney) where they are immobile and embedded in connective tissue.
Suspension cells/Anchorage Independent cells - Cells which do not require attachment for growth or do not attach to the surface of the culture vessels are called as anchorage independent cells/suspension cells. All suspension cultures are derived from cells of the blood system (as these cells are suspended in plasma in vitro e.g. lymphocytes).
The most popular primary cells used in research are epithelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, endothelial cells, muscle cells, hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells. The cultures are initially heterogeneous (represents a mixture of cell types present in the tissue) and can be maintained in vitro only for a limited period of time. Primary cells may be manipulated for indefinite subculture through an in vitro process called transformation. Transformation can occur spontaneously or can be chemically or virally induced. When a primary culture undergoes genetic transformation (provided with appropriate fresh medium and space), they divide indefinitely and become immortalized
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