Question

project of environmental pollution observation​

Answer 1

Answer:

Unless exceptional events cause effects directly visible to the naked eye, air, and water pollution remain mostly imperceptible. The frequent absence of external signs when pollutants are present, and their ability to blend with other bodies, generate phenomena which are hardly discernible for who doesn’t possess the adequate equipment. Ozone in air and metallic pollution in water, for instance, cannot be noticed immediately. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of those contaminants contribute to produce specific moving geographies that escape our ordinary detection devices.

Until the end of the 1980s, the observation and monitoring of pollution rested on conventional chemistry methods that permitted to identify and assess concentrations of contaminants in the atmosphere, water, or sediments. If such analyses give indications on the presence or absence of one particular pollutant, they do not tell us its impact on living entities and natural environments, nor the effects of the accumulation of low doses, or the compound effects of several pollutants.

The living entities used by ecotoxicologists are not mere instruments or guinea pigs. They are rather partners that lend their sensitive qualities to the researchers. They are not interchangeable either. Each contaminated site and each type of pollutant require specific mediations, involving different experiments and "sentinel organisms." The information collected from several tests allows ecotoxicologists to develop observation devices that are so sharp that they can monitor the variations of toxicity in time and space.

This research project aimed at examining three main questions while studying the history of ecotoxicology and scientific controversies that have marked its evolution, and performed ethnographic fieldwork in two laboratories, in France and Germany.

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