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Trace the form of government in the seven neighbouring countries of India-Afghanistan, Pakistan,
Myanmar, Bangladesh, China, Bhutan and Nepal.
Answers
Pakistan: Pakistan is ostensibly a parliamentary republic like India, is a federal state (meaning the provinces enjoy considerable autonomy and self governance), and uses a single-seat plurality (FPTP) voting system. Pakistan has had a de-facto two party system since 1971 and the two major parties are the People’s Party and the Muslim League. Pakistan has a history of authoritarianism and military juntas but seems to be moving closer to being a liberal democracy, despite extensive corruption and the continued existence of sharia courts.
China: China is an authoritarian one party Communist state. Local elections are held at the county level, but that is as close to representation as the Chinese people receive, and all of the candidates are members of the Communist Party. It is impossible to differentiate the Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party - they are one in the same. The government is organized between the Politburo, the governing body of the Communist Party itself, the National Peoples’ Congress, an unelected parliamentary body (the largest in the world) representing the Chinese legislative branch. The NPC selects the President of China, who is also usually the leader of the Communist Party. Both groups are overseen by a collection of party elders and by the discipline commission, and the NPC also approves members of the state council, which selects local officials.
Nepal: Nepal is an ostensibly democratic parliamentary republic and a unitary state with a mixed member majoritarian voting system. It was a constitutional monarchy until 2008, when the monarchy was abolished in favor of a republican regime and a new constitution was put in place. Currently, power in Nepal is exercised by the largest party, the Communist Maoist party, though Nepal is not officially Communist.
Bhutan: Bhutan is a constitutional monarchy and has been since 2008. It operates under the framework of a parliamentary and unitary state with a two round system of voting. Political parties have been legalized since a royal edict in 2007. Nonetheless, the monarchy continues to exercise significant power.
Bangladesh: Bangladesh is a unitary state and a parliamentary republic with a single-seat plurality voting system. It is ostensibly a multiparty democracy with three major parties, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), the Bangladesh Awami League and the Jatiya Party. The BNP and the Awami League have a heated rivalry that goes back years and involves extensive protests, assassinations and political violence. Student movements are important facets of Bangladeshi politics and all major parties have youth groups. There are also some radical islamist parties that were banned from parliament for supporting terrorism a while back and continue to be a nuisance there.
Myanmar: Myanmar, or Burma, is a de-facto authoritarian state which is run by the Myanmarese military despite the official end of military rule in the constitution of 2008 (lots of new constitutions that year!). It is de-jure a parliamentary republic, a unitary state and uses a single-seat plurality system of voting. A large portion of the Myanmarese parliament is controlled by the military. Inter-ethnic violence in Myanmar is a big problem, with several different ethnic groups represented by pro-independence paramilitary organizations.
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