Question

Protein
sequences are sequences of amino acids and there are 20 different types of basic amino acids
in nature
making a protein
sequence a character string composed of a 20 letter alphabet. An average length protein consists of about 300 amino acids. There
are millions of known protein sequences. The genotype i.e. the DNA and the corresponding protein sequences determines the
phenotype. The structure of a protein plays an important role in determining its function. Prediction of protein structure from
primary protein sequence is one of the biggest unsolved challenges in biophysics and bioinformatics today. There are ab initio
techniques that are based on energy minimization, and there are knowledge-based techniques such as homology modelling and
threading. Gene expression is the process of using the information in the DNA to synthesize a messenger-RNA (transcription). The
transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) is then used to synthesize the corresponding protein via translation. This whole work-flow is
also known as the central dogma of molecular biology. Regulation of gene expression, in other words, determining which genes are
expressed in a specific tissue or condition and which genes are not, is also a challenge in molecular biology. The area of
transcriptomic deals with this problem and latest advances in biotechnology allow researchers to assay gene expression on a large
scale in a high-throughput manner. Pairwise sequence alignment is the problem of identifying similarities and differences between
pair of DNA or protein sequences.​

Answer 1

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