prove that a rainbow is the combined effect of the refraction, dispersion, and total internal reflection.
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by its surface tension when the sunlight comes the n it's makes many lights which name vibgyor
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“White” light from the sun comprised of many different wavelengths enters a raindrop. Water has a refractive index different than that of air; so as the white light enters the raindrop, it refracts. However, the angle at which it refracts is determined by the wavelength of the light; and so, different wavelengths refract at different angles. This is known as “dispersion”; a “dispersive medium” is one whose refractive index (which determines how much the light bends) is dependent on the wavelength of the light.
The light, now “split” into a spectrum of different wavelengths travelling at different angles, then travels through the water droplet until it hits the other side. If it does so at the correct angle, the light will reflect from the far side of the droplet, rather than simply refracting out the other side. This is “internal reflection.” “Total internal reflection” is when all the light is reflected, and none passes through - this isn’t what actually happens in a raindrop, some light does pass through, and in real life you just end up with a high concentration of different wavelengths of light at different angles rather than complete splitting, but that’s pedantry.
The light will then travel back through the droplet and refract out of a different point. However, as it is split up into this “spectrum” of light now, all travelling at different angles out of the raindrop, only one of the wavelengths will come out at the correct angle to hit your eye. The others will go to the side of or above/below your eye. They’ll “miss” your eye.
You’ll therefore see a “band” of that particular colour through the sky, in an arc shape. The arc shape is because you need to be at the right angle to the raindrop to receive that colour of light, and that angle will correspond to an arc of points equidistant from you - in a circle shape. So overall, this forms a cone, with the tip at your eye and the circular base being the arc of the rainbow.
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