psychology as a social science notes
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Overview
1
.
Social Cognition
a.
We constantly gather data and make predictions about what will happen next so we can act accordingly
B.
Attitude Formation and Change
1.
Attitude
a
.
a set of beliefs and feelings
2.
Mere Exposure Effect
a
.
the more you are exposed to something, the more you will like it
3.
Persuasive Messages
a
.
Can be passed through the central route or the peripheral route
i.
central route
(1)
involves deeply processing the content of the message
ii.
peripheral route
(1)
involves other aspects of the message
(2)
ex: the communicator
(3)
C.
The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior
1.
Lapiere 1934
a.
visited hotels and restaurants with an Asian couple
b.
observed how they were treated
c.
treated poorly only once
d.
asked the establishments about their attitudes towards Asians
i
.
90% said they wouldn’t serve Asians
e.
showed that attitudes don’t perfectly predict behaviors
2.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
a.
People are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors
i
.
when they don’t, they experience dissonance
(1)
unpleasant mental tension
b.
Experiment- Festinger and Carlsmith
i.
participants performed a boring task
(
1
)
asked to tell next subject that they enjoyed it
ii.
subjects paid $1 to lie had more positive attitudes toward the experiment than those paid $20
(1)
they lacked sufficient external motivation to lie
(2)
reduced dissonance by changing attitudes
D.
Compliance Strategies
1.
Compliance Strategies
a
.
Strategies to get others to comply with your wishes
2.
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
a
.
If you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a larger follow-up request
3.
Door-in-the-face Strategy
a
.
After people refuse a large request, they will look more favorably upon a smaller follow-up request
4.
Norms of Reciprocity
a
.
The tendency to think that when someone does something nice for you, you should do something nice in return
E.
Attribution Theory
1.
Goal
a
.
To explain how people determine the causes of what they observe
2.
Types
a.
Dispositional/Person attribution
i
.
the cause is due to the person’s innate qualities
b.
Situation attribution
i
.
a situational factor is the cause
c.
Stable attribution
i
.
the cause is something that has always been that way
d.
Unstable attribution
3.
Harold Kelley’s Theory
a.
Explains the kind of attributions we make on:
i.
consistency
(
1
)
how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time
ii.
distinctiveness
(
1
)
how similar this situation is to others we’ve seen the person in
iii.
consensus
(1)
asks us to consider how others would have responded in the same situation
(2)
important for determining whether to make person or situation attribution
4.
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
a.
The expectations we have about others can influence their behavior
b.
“Pygmalion in the Classroom” experiment
i.
Rosenthal and Jacobson 1968
ii.
administered an IQ test to elementary school students
(
1
)
said it would measure who was on the verge of academic growth
iii.
randomly picked a group of students
(
1
)
claimed they were ripe for intellectual progress
iv.
measured IQs again at the end of the year
(
1
)
the scores of the randomly picked students improved more than those of their classmates
1
.
Social Cognition
a.
We constantly gather data and make predictions about what will happen next so we can act accordingly
B.
Attitude Formation and Change
1.
Attitude
a
.
a set of beliefs and feelings
2.
Mere Exposure Effect
a
.
the more you are exposed to something, the more you will like it
3.
Persuasive Messages
a
.
Can be passed through the central route or the peripheral route
i.
central route
(1)
involves deeply processing the content of the message
ii.
peripheral route
(1)
involves other aspects of the message
(2)
ex: the communicator
(3)
C.
The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior
1.
Lapiere 1934
a.
visited hotels and restaurants with an Asian couple
b.
observed how they were treated
c.
treated poorly only once
d.
asked the establishments about their attitudes towards Asians
i
.
90% said they wouldn’t serve Asians
e.
showed that attitudes don’t perfectly predict behaviors
2.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
a.
People are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors
i
.
when they don’t, they experience dissonance
(1)
unpleasant mental tension
b.
Experiment- Festinger and Carlsmith
i.
participants performed a boring task
(
1
)
asked to tell next subject that they enjoyed it
ii.
subjects paid $1 to lie had more positive attitudes toward the experiment than those paid $20
(1)
they lacked sufficient external motivation to lie
(2)
reduced dissonance by changing attitudes
D.
Compliance Strategies
1.
Compliance Strategies
a
.
Strategies to get others to comply with your wishes
2.
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
a
.
If you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a larger follow-up request
3.
Door-in-the-face Strategy
a
.
After people refuse a large request, they will look more favorably upon a smaller follow-up request
4.
Norms of Reciprocity
a
.
The tendency to think that when someone does something nice for you, you should do something nice in return
E.
Attribution Theory
1.
Goal
a
.
To explain how people determine the causes of what they observe
2.
Types
a.
Dispositional/Person attribution
i
.
the cause is due to the person’s innate qualities
b.
Situation attribution
i
.
a situational factor is the cause
c.
Stable attribution
i
.
the cause is something that has always been that way
d.
Unstable attribution
3.
Harold Kelley’s Theory
a.
Explains the kind of attributions we make on:
i.
consistency
(
1
)
how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time
ii.
distinctiveness
(
1
)
how similar this situation is to others we’ve seen the person in
iii.
consensus
(1)
asks us to consider how others would have responded in the same situation
(2)
important for determining whether to make person or situation attribution
4.
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
a.
The expectations we have about others can influence their behavior
b.
“Pygmalion in the Classroom” experiment
i.
Rosenthal and Jacobson 1968
ii.
administered an IQ test to elementary school students
(
1
)
said it would measure who was on the verge of academic growth
iii.
randomly picked a group of students
(
1
)
claimed they were ripe for intellectual progress
iv.
measured IQs again at the end of the year
(
1
)
the scores of the randomly picked students improved more than those of their classmates
Aroob:
thanks a lot
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