Psychosomatic and psychosocial variables for research in physical education
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To summarize the effectiveness of interventions targeting psychosocial factors to increase physical activity (PA) among ethnic minority adults and explore theory use in PA interventions.
Methods
Studies (N = 11) were identified through a systematic review and targeted African American/Hispanic adults, specific psychosocial factors, and PA. Data were extracted using a standard code sheet and the Theory Coding Scheme.
Results
Social support was the most common psychosocial factor reported, followed by motivational readiness, and self-efficacy, as being associated with increased PA. Only 7 studies explicitly reported using a theoretical framework.
Conclusions
Future efforts should explore theory use in PA interventions and how integration of theoretical constructs, including psychosocial factors, increases PA.
. Previous research has shown that psychosocial factors, including intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, are related and contribute significantly to behavioral mechanistic pathways for physical activity adoption and maintenance in African
Although psychosocial factors related to physical activity often are included as intervention components based on theoretical frameworks, the effectiveness of interventions based on improving psychosocial factors as pathways to physical activity adoption or maintenance remains unclear.13–15For , Resnick et al16 found that an intervention which promoted self-efficacy through group exercise sessions, education materials, and discussions led to increased physical activity among older African American women.
to increase physical activity among adult African Americans and Hispanics in randomized controlled trials; and (2) the use of theory and theoretical constructs in physical activity interventions.
METHODS
Data Sources
The articles reviewed for the current study were obtained from a systematic search of Ovid Medline (1946 through May 17, 2013) and PubMed Medline (through May 17, 2013) with the help of a trained librarian and search specialist. The key concepts used for the search included: physical activity, exercise, exercise movement techniques, motor activity, physical fitness, running, bicycling, walking, yoga, strength resistance or training, African continental ancestry group, ethnic group, race, ethnicity, African American, Black, Hispanic, Latino, Hispanic American, adult, middle-aged, young adult, case-control, control group, comparison group, matched-pair analysis, cohort, longitudinal, prospective, retrospective, clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, evaluation study, program evaluation, intervention study, health promotion, exercise promotion, health education, exercise education, and consumer health information. The complete search strategies and keywords used are available from the author upon request.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Studies included in this review were primary research reports that were published in English in peer-reviewed journals before May 17, 2013; used a case-control, cohort, clinical trial, or longitudinal program evaluation design; and that included one or more psychosocial factors listed below as components of a physical activity intervention program, regardless of how they were measured or analyzed. Only primary studies published after 2006 were included in the current review to avoid overlap with a similar review that included physical activity intervention studies. to
Data Extraction
Psychosocial factors
We developed a data extraction sheet to mine information from each study on (1) characteristics of trial participants (including age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) and the trial’s inclusion and exclusion criteria; (2) type of intervention (including type, dose, duration, and frequency); and (3) type of outcome measure (including physical activity, other behavioral outcomes, psychosocial factors, and anthropometry). The data extraction sheet was pilot-tested on 8 randomly-selected included studies and refined accordingly. The final protocol and data extraction sheet are available upon request from the primary author.
Theory use
The Theory Coding Scheme was used to code reported theory use for the development and evaluation of interventions.24 Each of the 19 items within the Theory Coding Scheme requires a ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ response and has shown good inter-rater reliability.24 The percentage of studies that were coded “Yes” for each item on the Theory Coding Scheme was calculated. Calculations were performed for percentages of all studies and studies that explicitly stated a theoretical foundation. The specific theory (eg, Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change, Social Cognitive Theory, Health Belief Model) upon which the intervention was reported to be based also was code
Methods
Studies (N = 11) were identified through a systematic review and targeted African American/Hispanic adults, specific psychosocial factors, and PA. Data were extracted using a standard code sheet and the Theory Coding Scheme.
Results
Social support was the most common psychosocial factor reported, followed by motivational readiness, and self-efficacy, as being associated with increased PA. Only 7 studies explicitly reported using a theoretical framework.
Conclusions
Future efforts should explore theory use in PA interventions and how integration of theoretical constructs, including psychosocial factors, increases PA.
. Previous research has shown that psychosocial factors, including intrapersonal and interpersonal factors, are related and contribute significantly to behavioral mechanistic pathways for physical activity adoption and maintenance in African
Although psychosocial factors related to physical activity often are included as intervention components based on theoretical frameworks, the effectiveness of interventions based on improving psychosocial factors as pathways to physical activity adoption or maintenance remains unclear.13–15For , Resnick et al16 found that an intervention which promoted self-efficacy through group exercise sessions, education materials, and discussions led to increased physical activity among older African American women.
to increase physical activity among adult African Americans and Hispanics in randomized controlled trials; and (2) the use of theory and theoretical constructs in physical activity interventions.
METHODS
Data Sources
The articles reviewed for the current study were obtained from a systematic search of Ovid Medline (1946 through May 17, 2013) and PubMed Medline (through May 17, 2013) with the help of a trained librarian and search specialist. The key concepts used for the search included: physical activity, exercise, exercise movement techniques, motor activity, physical fitness, running, bicycling, walking, yoga, strength resistance or training, African continental ancestry group, ethnic group, race, ethnicity, African American, Black, Hispanic, Latino, Hispanic American, adult, middle-aged, young adult, case-control, control group, comparison group, matched-pair analysis, cohort, longitudinal, prospective, retrospective, clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, evaluation study, program evaluation, intervention study, health promotion, exercise promotion, health education, exercise education, and consumer health information. The complete search strategies and keywords used are available from the author upon request.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Studies included in this review were primary research reports that were published in English in peer-reviewed journals before May 17, 2013; used a case-control, cohort, clinical trial, or longitudinal program evaluation design; and that included one or more psychosocial factors listed below as components of a physical activity intervention program, regardless of how they were measured or analyzed. Only primary studies published after 2006 were included in the current review to avoid overlap with a similar review that included physical activity intervention studies. to
Data Extraction
Psychosocial factors
We developed a data extraction sheet to mine information from each study on (1) characteristics of trial participants (including age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) and the trial’s inclusion and exclusion criteria; (2) type of intervention (including type, dose, duration, and frequency); and (3) type of outcome measure (including physical activity, other behavioral outcomes, psychosocial factors, and anthropometry). The data extraction sheet was pilot-tested on 8 randomly-selected included studies and refined accordingly. The final protocol and data extraction sheet are available upon request from the primary author.
Theory use
The Theory Coding Scheme was used to code reported theory use for the development and evaluation of interventions.24 Each of the 19 items within the Theory Coding Scheme requires a ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ response and has shown good inter-rater reliability.24 The percentage of studies that were coded “Yes” for each item on the Theory Coding Scheme was calculated. Calculations were performed for percentages of all studies and studies that explicitly stated a theoretical foundation. The specific theory (eg, Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change, Social Cognitive Theory, Health Belief Model) upon which the intervention was reported to be based also was code
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