Question

Q : Explain the social and liberal composition of population in Europe in the mid 18th century ?
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Answer 1

(i) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.

(ii) In most countries, there were more job seekers than employment. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

(iii) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.

(iv) In these regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obliged

Answer 2

Understanding the concept :

• During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian revolutions.

• At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions for counter-revolution.

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