Q1. Can you think of any events in history that were influenced by stereotypes and biases?
Q2. How do people learn to make stereotypes? How might they unlearn them?
Q3. How can the media (newspapers, television, movies) help to reduce stereotyping?
Q4. What do you think an individual can do to help reduce bias and stereotyping?
Answers
Answer:
Qno 1:. Stereotype threat is conceived as a state of psychological discomfort that is thought to arise when individuals are confronted with a negative stereotype about their own group in a situation in which the negative stereotype could be confirmed (Steele and Aronson, 1995; Steele et al., 2002). According to an integrative model of stereotype threat (Schmader et al., 2008; Schmader and Beilock, 2012) this state is characterized by the interplay of a physiological stress response, increased monitoring of the performance situation, and the regulation of negative thoughts and emotions. These processes consume working memory capacity, which is unavailable for the task at hand. The reduced working memory in turn leads to underperformance in cognitively challenging tasks (e.g., Schmader and Johns, 2003; Beilock et al., 2007). Stereotype threat is best known for its influence in testing situations. In line with the theoretical framework (e.g., Steele, 1997; Steele et al., 2002) several recent empirical studies furthermore connected stereotype threat to poorer learning and disidentification from school (e.g., Rydell et al., 2010; Appel et al., 2011; Taylor and Walton, 2011; Appel and Kronberger, 2012
Qno 2: “We learned how to face an unlearning challenge and offer suggestions on how to unlearn an existing way of thinking that may be impeding our problem solving process. Come unlearn with us!”
Generalizations are natural and useful for the human brain because they operate as a heuristic or a cognitive mechanism to quickly gather, process, and synthesize information.
As social animals, we seek to gather information about those around us. However, there is too much information to process all of it in its entirety. Therefore, we have these heuristics (such as generalizations and stereotypes) to make the process more efficient. In applying a stereotype, one is able to quickly “know” something about an individual.
For example, if the only thing you know about Helen is that she belongs to a band, you are able to guess that she likes music. People use stereotypes as shortcuts to make sense of their social contexts, making the task of understanding one’s world less cognitively demanding.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Repeated experiences of stereotype threat can lead to a vicious circle of diminished confidence, poor performance, and loss of interest in the relevant area of achievement. Stereotype threat has been argued to show a reduction in the performance of individuals who belong to negatively stereotyped groups.