Q1) Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France.
Q2) Describe the role of Napoleon.
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Answer:
The French Revolution begin when the Bastille was destroyed in protest, the causes in the economy of france that led to these is:
The circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France were:
Social Inequality: French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates namely The Clergy, The nobility and third estates which comprise peasants, officials and small business. It was only third estates that pay taxes. Clergy and nobility were exempt from taxes.
Subsistence Crisis: The population of France also increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. Food grains were now in great demand. Price of bread shot up. Wages did not keep pace with rising prices. This led to subsistence crisis.
Economic Problems: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. France had a debt of more than 2 billion livres. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes.
Strong Middle Class: The middle class emerged educated and wealthy during the eighteenth century. They believed that no group in society should be given privileges by birth. Ideas of equality and freedom were put forward by philosophers. The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee houses and spread among people.
Immediate Causes: On 5 may, 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. Third estates protested against this proposal but as each estate have one vote, the king rejected this appeal. They walked out of the assembly.
2) The years of bloodshed in France, led to the emergence of a dictator, who made himself emperor-Napoleon Bonaparte.Through his military strategies he won many territories for France and he soon declared himself an emperor in December 1804. France became a powerful nation in Europe under Napoleon. It was more of a constitutional monarchy than an autocratic one. He was defeated at the famous Battle of Waterloo by the Dutch of Wellington and sent to exile. Napoleon restored order in France.
Here are some of the points that Napoleon helped achieve in france:
He established civil code in 1804 and also known as the Napoleonic code. It did away with all the privileges on birth. It established equality before law and secured the right to property. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In towns too, guild systems were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, buisnessmen enjoyed the newfound freedom. By introducing these changes Napoleon made the whole administrative system more rational and efficient.
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