Question

Question :-

Write the mechanism of the concentration of the filterate.

Answer 1

MECHANISM OF CONCENTRATION OF THE FILTERATE

MECHANISM  OF CONCENTRATION OF THE  FILTERATE

        



                    Mammals have the ability to produce a concentrated urine. The human body does not


       maintain a constant water volume, the kidneys use a transportsystem called the counter-


      current mechanism..The Henle’s loop and vasa recta play a significant role in this.


      The particles and fluid removed from the blood, the filtrate, moves from the Bowman's


    capsule to the proximal tubule, loops of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting tubule.


    The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of  henle’s loop is in opposite directions and thus forms a


    counter current The flow of blood through the limbs of vasa recta is also in a counter current


    pattern. The name is based on the fact that concentration first increases in the direction of


   f low, then decreases as flow continues through the ascending parallel loop. The mechanism


   relies on the adjacent, parallel loops of Henle and vasa recta.





In the ascending loop, Na+ (or any solute) is actively pumped out of the tubule. As flow  


   continues up the loop, the tubular concentration decreases as does the interstitial (the fluid


   surrounding the loop) concentration. Because water is impermeable in the ascending loop, the


   volume at the bottom of the loop is the same as that entering the distal tubule. At the bottom


   of the loop, the tubular and interstitial concentrations are equal.

In the descending loop, the concentrations inside and outside the tubule are increasing


   with the current, with the maximum concentration being reached at the bottom of the loop.


  The increased concentration is the result of the passive diffusion of Na+ into the tubule and


  water out of the tubule. When the filtrate reaches the distal tubule, a net loss of Na+ and water


  has occurred through the loops of  Henle.



Inside the distal and collecting tubules, the filtrate is either diluted or concentrated to


form urine. The Henle's loop and vasa recta are close together and counter current mechanism in them help 


in maintaining an osmolarity towards the tissue surrounded by Henles loop in the renal medulla.,.i.e.,from 


300 mOsmoIL in the cortex to about  1200 mOsmoIL in the inner medulla.This  gradient  is mainly caused 


by NaCl and urea.NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Henle’loop which is exchanged with the 


descending limb of vasa recta.Nacl  is returned to the interstitium by the ascending portion of vasa 


recta.Similarly,small amount of urea enter the thin segment of the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is 


transported back to the interstitium by the collecting tubule.


This counter current mechanism helps to maintain a concentration gradient in the medullary


interstitium.Presence of such interstitial gradient helps in an easy passage of water from the


collecting tubule thereby concentrating the filtrate(urine).human kidneys can produce urine nearly


four times  concentrated than the initial filtrate formed. 


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Answer 2

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$\huge{ \underline{ \bold{ \red{ \: \: \: \: \: \: Mechanism \: \: Of \: \: The \: \: Concentration \: \: Of \: \: The \: \: Filtrate \: }}}}$


▪ Henle's Loop & Vasa Recta help to concentrate the urine.


▪ The flow of the filterate in the two limbs of Henle's Loop and The flow of blood through the two limbs of Vasa Recta are in opposite direction [ i.e. In a counter current pattern ]


▪ The counter current and proximately between the Henle's Loop and Vasa Recta maintain an increasing Osmolarity towards the Inner Medullary Interstitium I.e. from 300 mOsmolL^-1 in the cortex to about 1200 mOsmolL^-1 in the Inner Medulla. This gradient is mainly caused by NaCl and Urea.


▪ NaCl is transported by Ascending limb of Henle's Loop That is exchanged with descending limb of Vasa Recta. NaCl is returned to Interstitium by Ascending Limb of Vasa Recta.


▪ Similarly, Small amount of urea enter the thin segment of the ascending limb of Henle's Loop which is transport back to the Interstitium by the collecting tubule.


▪ This transport of substance facilitated by Henle' s Loop and Vasa Recta is called Counter Current Mechanism. It maintenance a Concentration Gradient [ Interstitium Gradient ] in the medullary Interstitium. It helps in an easy passage water from collecting tubule to concentrate the filtrated [ urine ].


▪ Human Kidneys produce Urine Four Times Concentrated than the initial filterate formed.