Red ink classes ch 1 notes geography class 10
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Anything available in the environment and can be used to satisfy the needs of human being is called as resource, e.g. water, land, air, minerals, wildlife etc. Leaching is a process which takes place in high temperature and rainfall area. In this process minerals of the soil are dissolved into the rainwater and they move down in the soil. Laterite soil is formed by this process. Black soil is also called as ‘regur soil’. Manganese nodules are extracted from Indian Ocean. Full form of UNCED is United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Rajasthan has abundant solar and wind energy potential. Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro [Brazil] in 1992. The book written by Schumacher is ‘Small is Beautiful’. Black soil is formed by weathering of lava rocks. Red soil is formed by weathering of igneous rocks. It looks red due to iron-oxide. Land degraded by gully erosion in Chambal River basin is called ‘Ravines’ or ‘Bad Land’. Types or Classification of Resources On the basis of origin: Biotic: Those resources which has life are called biotic resources e.g. plants, trees, animals etc. Abiotic: Those resources which do not have life are called as abiotic resources e.g. land, water, minerals etc. On the basis of exhaustibility: a) Renewable [Forest, Wildlife, Water] b) Non-Renewable [Metals, Fossils Fuels] On the basis of ownership: a) Individual [land, plot, well, pond] b) Community [Grazing land, burial ground, park] c) National [Minerals, Forest, Rivers] d) International [EEZ – Ocean up to 200 km] On the basis of development: Potential Resources: Resources which are found in an area but not have been utilized. For example, Rajasthan and Gujarat has enough potential to produce solar energy due to cloudless sky and more temperature. Developed Resources: When resources found in a region are surveyed by engineer and their quality and quantity are determine for utilization, it is called developed resource. Technology and capital help in development of resources. Stock Resources: Material found in our environment can satisfy many of our need but they are not used because of lack of appropriate technology. For example, water has hydrogen, a good source of energy, but due appropriate technology water is not being used as fuel. Reserve Resources: Reserve is those parts of stock which can be utilized using existing technology. But these resources are not being used and they have been left for future generation. They are called reserve. Sustainable Development: Development without damaging the environment is called as sustainable development. This development meets the demands of present generation as well as future generations. Earth Summit and Agenda 21: Earth Summit is an international conference on environment. It was held in Rio de Jeniro [Brazil] in 1992. In the conference leaders of the words discussed about sustainable development and they adopted 21 points policy which is called ‘Agenda 21’. Resource Planning and Its Steps Resource planning is method to use the resources in optimum way so that maximum benefit should reach to maximum people. Resource planning also means avoiding wastage, misuse and overuse of resources. There are three steps for resource planning. a) Identification and inventory of resources by surveying and mapping b) Evolving a planning structure to use the resources with appropriate technology c) Matching resource development plan with national development plan Need and Methods of Conservation of Resources Father of the nation – Mahatma Gandhi – said that “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed”. We should conserve resources for following reasons. a) Resources are not found everywhere. They are unevenly distributed. b) Resources are limited. Many of the resources are non-renewable. c) Resources should be conserved for reducing all kinds of pollution. d) Resources are also conserved for ‘sustainable development’. e) Conservation is needed to protect natural heritage. Methods or measurements for resource conservation are as under: a) Wastage, misuse and overuse of resources should be avoided. b) Renewable resources should be used more e.g. solar energy, wind energy etc. c) Older technology should be replaced with newer, modern and efficient technology. d) Awareness should be created among the people. e) Govt. should pass strict laws for establishment and location of industries. f) Used items should be recycled using new technology. Land Use and Its Category Land is used for various purposes in a country. India has vast land resource. Total area of our country is about 3.28 million sq. km. India ranks 7th in the world in term of size. But most of parts are covered by either mountain or plateau. India has only 43% plain where agriculture is possible. Mountains are good sources of biotic resources where varieties of minerals are found in the plateau. .