Question

Refining of petroleum

Answer 1

Petroleum refining involves three different techniques..

Separation
In the first step, molecules are separated through atmospheric distillation (i.e. at normal atmospheric pressure), according to their molecular weight. During the process, which is also known as topping (refining), the oil is heated at the bottom of a 60-meter distillation column at a temperature of 350 to 400°C, causing it to vaporize. The vapors rise inside the column while the heaviest molecules, or residuals, remain at the bottom, without vaporizing. As the vapors rise, the molecules condense into liquids at different temperatures in the column. Only gases reach the top, where the temperature has dropped to 150°C. The liquids, which are become increasingly light the higher they are found in the column, are collected on trays located at different heights of the column

Conversion
There are still many too heavy hydrocarbon molecules remaining after the separation process. To meet demand for lighter products, the heavy molecules are “cracked” into two or more lighter ones.
The conversion process, which is carried out at 500°C, is also known as catalytic cracking because it uses a substance called a catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction. This process converts 75% of the heavy products into gas, gasoline and diesel. The yield can be increased further by adding hydrogen, a process called hydrocracking, or by using deep conversion to remove carbon.

Treating
Treating involves removing or significantly reducing molecules that are corrosive or cause air pollution, especially sulfur. European Union sulfur emission standards are very stringent. Since January 1, 2009, gasoline and diesel sold in Europe cannot contain more than 10 parts per million (ppm), or 10 milligrams per kilogram, of sulfur. The purpose of these measures is to improve air quality and optimize the effectiveness of catalytic converters used to treat exhaust gas. For diesel, desulfurization, or sulfur removal, is performed at 370°C, at a pressure of 60 bar. 

Hope it helps you buddy....

Answer 2

procesess are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used on petroleum refinires ( also referred to oil refinires) to transfer crude oil into useful products such as LPG, kersones. jet fuel, dieasel oil and fuel oil.
hope it's help u dear friend.