report on bolshveiks newspaper
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The two Russian revolutions of 1917, and subsequent civil wars, not only caused great political and social upheaval, but also led to substantial changes in the way news was reported and disseminated.
Levels of censorship, attitudes towards the opposition press and the innovative types of media developed by the Bolsheviks all reflected the tumultuous events of this period and the aims and ideas of different political and social groups.
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Answer:
The February Revolution began on 8 March (Old Style: 23 February) 1917, when over 120,000 people joined anti-war meetings, demonstrations and strikes in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg). The next day, the number of people in the streets almost doubled and the situation gradually escalated.
Tsar Nicholas II abdicated on 14 March (Old Style: 1 March) 1917 and a Provisional government immediately replaced the tsarist Government. One of the new Government’s first acts was to abolish on 17 March (Old Style: 4 March) the Central Administration for Press Affairs, which in effect abolished censorship. A number of socialist papers quickly began to appear, including Pravda.
This period of relative freedom was, however, short-lived. Following the July Days (a spontaneous uprising of soldiers and workers against the Provisional Government) and the perceived growing threat from the Left, the Government re-instated military censorship and closed down many Bolshevik publications.
Catering to a largely educated, politically-aware audience, Novyi satirikon’s contributors included some of the most important writers of the time, such as Osip Mandel’shtam and Vladimir Mayakovsky. While Novyi satirikon and other satirical publications like Gazeta kopeika (The Penny Paper) sought to foster patriotism by satirising the enemy during World War One, their focus turned to events inside Russia in the period surrounding the February Revolution.
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The Bolshevik Revolution divided Western public opinion, provoking admiration and fascination among some, and fear among others. These reactions were reflected in press coverage of the revolution and its aftermath. Western governments, afraid of the spread of Communism and the possibility of revolution on their own soil, took a decidedly anti-Bolshevik stance.
This can clearly be seen in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus, after a wave of strikes in Germany in January 1918 stoked fears of a Bolshevik-supported revolution. Although revolutions did indeed break out in Berlin and other German cities later in 1918, all German attempts to establish local soviet-style governments ultimately failed.
The Bolsheviks requisitioned printing presses, buildings and paper supplies, strengthening their own newspapers in the process. For the first few months of their rule, many prominent opposition papers, such as the Kadet Party’s newspaper Rech’ (Speech), continued to operate by frequently changing their titles and printing offices. Nevertheless, by July 1918, all opposition publications had been closed.
Following the suppression of the opposition press and political parties, many liberal politicians and journalists (often one and the same) left Russia for cities such as London, Paris, Berlin and Prague. There they established émigré organisations, whose functions included producing and distributing anti-Bolshevik propaganda to turn Western public opinion against the Bolsheviks, and acting as telegraph agencies for anti-Bolshevik armies fighting inside Russia.
Russians and people of other nationalities of the former Empire who had fled Bolshevism and lived in émigré communities abroad paid a lot of attention to publishing. Newspapers, journals and books in Russian and other languages appeared in Berlin, Paris, Prague, Riga, Harbin, and many other places.
As well as taking action to shut down ‘bourgeois’ publications, the Bolsheviks also began to experiment with innovative new ways of organising and communicating with the masses, including wall and ‘acted newspapers’, newsreel, posters, and photomontage.
During the civil wars, the Bolsheviks faced the challenge of keeping up morale within the Red Army. Special magazines and newspapers for soldiers were produced to spur them to action with propaganda and Bolshevik slogans.
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