Question

result analysis for electoral politics

Answer 1

This article discusses criticisms of political systems, specifically representative democracy and direct democracy, that use elections as a tool for selecting representatives and/or deciding policy through a formal voting process, as well as the act of voting itself. While representative democracy (and electoral systems in general) have become the modern civics global-standard, many of the below criticisms describe alternatives that existed before and/or independently of electoral systems. This includes but is not limited to the actions and political movements that stem from anti-electoralism, which describes activism around encouraging people not to vote for ethical or ideological reasons. It is also important to differentiate between criticisms of representative government and elections. Several of the following criticisms can be applied to both; however, the election of representatives and the consequences of the process on accountability of elected officials are the main focuses. This article does not address criticisms of neither "electoralism", the term coined by Terry Karl nor voter suppression, which is the act of discouraging or preventing people from voting in order to influence the outcome of an election in your favor.

Answer 2

the advantages, but also challenges, of having election data at various levels of analysis. Fortunately, election results across the world are being collected and organized into useable datasets at various levels of analysis, including voting machines, polling stations, precincts, villages, constituencies, provinces or states, regions, and countries. The author uses the literature on Duverger’s law as an example of a research area that has benefited from new sources of data and from research drawing upon those data at multiple levels of analysis. The chapter concludes that data science and new sources of data will continue to transform political science, including the study of elections.