Role of Space Science & Technology for Nation Building.
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Explanation:
Emerging technologies like nanotechnologies are governed in different ways around the world. This article draws attention to an important element that can help to explain the emergence of this diversity in governance practices: the role of nanotechnology in nation-building. By investigating the relation between nanotechnology and the nation in India, the article demonstrates that various particularities of the Indian governance of nanotechnology can be explained by the relation between science, technology, and nation-building. The article discusses four instances in which the governance of nanotechnology in India is informed by the role science and technology has in nation-building: the historical image of India as a country that can attain modernity and development by engaging with modern science and technology supported the government’s decision to free funds for nanotechnology research; the view of India as a country that cannot rely on foreign assistance to get access to the latest technologies reinforced the strategy to pro-actively pursue nanotechnology research and development itself; the historical use of science and technology as crucial elements in overcoming deeply rooted societal divisions enabled the science-centered way in which nanotechnology was governed; and the Indian ambition to become a global superpower informed the governance of nanotechnology as an object of international competition. The governance of nanotechnology in turn defines ‘Indianness’ in a post-liberalization world.
Introduction
Over the last twenty years, the term governance has emerged as an overarching concept to capture the various attempts to steer emerging sciences and technologies. Governance can be understood as the traditions and institutions by which authority is exercised in order to steer a phenomenon in a particular direction [1]. The concept broadly refers to the insight that, first of all, the state is not the only actor that exercises authority but that other actors matter too, like industry, civil society organizations, and the public. And secondly, the term governance captures the view that not only policies and regulations matter but that also other mechanisms should be taken into account when aiming to understand the way emerging science and technology are steered [2,3,4].
Scholars working on nanotechnology have extensively studied various governance mechanisms, from risk regulations drawn up by international organizations [4] to informal governance arrangements between industry and civil society [5], and from public engagement mechanisms [6] to the use of technology assessment to enhance the reflexive nature of nanotechnology governance [7]. It has been estimated that governance issues comprise about 40% of all social science literature on nanotechnology [8]. One sustained finding from both nanotechnology (e.g. [9]) and other fields (e.g. [10,11,12,13]) is that emerging sciences and technologies are governed in different ways around the world. Even when faced with the same technological alternatives, so Jasanoff has pointedly concluded, “societies at similar levels of economic and social development often choose to go in different directions, based on divergent framings of what is at stake, and correspondingly different assessments of risks, costs, and benefits of various possible trajectories” ([10]:255).
These differences have been related to a plethora of different factors, including regulatory styles [12], cultural personality traits [13], issues of trust [14], and diverging assessment over what constitutes valid knowledge [10]. Nation-building – understood here as the practices and meaning that serve to create a shared cultural identity within the territory governed by a state [15, 16] – has been a particularly powerful resource in explaining the distinct characteristics of governance practices in particular locales (e.g. [17,18,19]). The various histories, traditions, and aspirations that bind the imagined community of a nation together have been shown to shape attempts to govern modern science and technology in various ways. In the case of nanotechnology, however, this has thus far hardly been drawn upon to understand the divergence of governance practices around the world. This is the first contribution of this article: by investigating the relation between nanotechnology and the nation in India, I will demonstrate that various characteristic features of the Indian governance of nanotechnology can be explained by the way science and technology act as instruments in nation-building.
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