Role of urbanisation in environmental pollution
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Urban populations interact with their environment. Urban people change their environment through their consumption of food, energy, water, and land. And in turn, the polluted urban environment affects the health and quality of life of the urban population.
People who live in urban areas have very different consumption patterns than residents in rural areas.10 For example, urban populations consume much more food, energy, and durable goods than rural populations. In China during the 1970s, the urban populations consumed more than twice as much pork as the rural populations who were raising the pigs.11 With economic development, the difference in consumption declined as the rural populations ate better diets. But even a decade later, urban populations had 60 percent more pork in their diets than rural populations. The increasing consumption of meat is a sign of growing affluence in Beijing; in India where many urban residents are vegetarians, greater prosperity is seen in higher consumption of milk.
People who live in urban areas have very different consumption patterns than residents in rural areas.10 For example, urban populations consume much more food, energy, and durable goods than rural populations. In China during the 1970s, the urban populations consumed more than twice as much pork as the rural populations who were raising the pigs.11 With economic development, the difference in consumption declined as the rural populations ate better diets. But even a decade later, urban populations had 60 percent more pork in their diets than rural populations. The increasing consumption of meat is a sign of growing affluence in Beijing; in India where many urban residents are vegetarians, greater prosperity is seen in higher consumption of milk.
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hi friend...here's your answer..
Environmental Problem # 1. Urbanisation and Water Pollution:
Most large cities are situated next to important water resources. It is difficult to name a large urban area not contiguous to some important body of water. The proximity of cities to water resources is, of course, no accident.
Water transport and travel have historically been cheap relative to overland alternatives. Cities naturally developed first as entre-pots for water based transportation, and in many cases, later expanded as industrial centres as well.
The water adjacent to most major cities in the world are currently badly polluted. The waste disposal function of water resources has been chosen by the society in almost every instance where it conflicts with the recreational or amenity function. Pollution has occurred largely by default—for lack of an effective social decision to halt polluting activities.
Environmental Problem # 2. Urbanisation and Air Pollution:
Air pollution, tube water pollution, is most evident in urbanised areas. The arguments we have just gone through for the problem of water pollution showed that this fact by itself does not suffice to identify the factor of urbanisation as the fundamental cause of air pollution.
Let us again perform the conceptual experiment of comparing air pollution in our economy with the same problem in a hypothetical economy that is significantly less urbanised than our own but is otherwise identical in every respect.
As a first approximation, the total quality and composition of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere could be taken to be identical in this comparison. Following our argument in the case of water resources, it seems reasonable to point that only the relative dispersion of pollutants would be effected by differences in the concentration of people and industry in urban agglomerations between the two economics. The social costs of air pollution are clearly greater in our own society than they would be in hypothetical less-urbanised economy.
Environmental Problem # 3. Urbanisation and Amenity:
Urbanisation necessarily involves the crowding together of people in small areas. The resulting congestion produces a special kind of external cost, which differs in one fundamental respect from the external costs of water pollution or air pollution. The latter kind of externality results from individuals or firms emitting waste products into socially owned environment media.
Environmental Problem # 4. Health Impact of Urbanisation:
Virtually all governments in developing countries have failed to ensure that rapid urban growth is accompanied by the investment needed in the infrastructure and services, especially in residential areas with a predominance of poorer households. Few governments have given priority to increasing the power, resources, and trained personnel of the city and local authorities that have to cope with rapid urban growth.
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Environmental Problem # 1. Urbanisation and Water Pollution:
Most large cities are situated next to important water resources. It is difficult to name a large urban area not contiguous to some important body of water. The proximity of cities to water resources is, of course, no accident.
Water transport and travel have historically been cheap relative to overland alternatives. Cities naturally developed first as entre-pots for water based transportation, and in many cases, later expanded as industrial centres as well.
The water adjacent to most major cities in the world are currently badly polluted. The waste disposal function of water resources has been chosen by the society in almost every instance where it conflicts with the recreational or amenity function. Pollution has occurred largely by default—for lack of an effective social decision to halt polluting activities.
Environmental Problem # 2. Urbanisation and Air Pollution:
Air pollution, tube water pollution, is most evident in urbanised areas. The arguments we have just gone through for the problem of water pollution showed that this fact by itself does not suffice to identify the factor of urbanisation as the fundamental cause of air pollution.
Let us again perform the conceptual experiment of comparing air pollution in our economy with the same problem in a hypothetical economy that is significantly less urbanised than our own but is otherwise identical in every respect.
As a first approximation, the total quality and composition of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere could be taken to be identical in this comparison. Following our argument in the case of water resources, it seems reasonable to point that only the relative dispersion of pollutants would be effected by differences in the concentration of people and industry in urban agglomerations between the two economics. The social costs of air pollution are clearly greater in our own society than they would be in hypothetical less-urbanised economy.
Environmental Problem # 3. Urbanisation and Amenity:
Urbanisation necessarily involves the crowding together of people in small areas. The resulting congestion produces a special kind of external cost, which differs in one fundamental respect from the external costs of water pollution or air pollution. The latter kind of externality results from individuals or firms emitting waste products into socially owned environment media.
Environmental Problem # 4. Health Impact of Urbanisation:
Virtually all governments in developing countries have failed to ensure that rapid urban growth is accompanied by the investment needed in the infrastructure and services, especially in residential areas with a predominance of poorer households. Few governments have given priority to increasing the power, resources, and trained personnel of the city and local authorities that have to cope with rapid urban growth.
HOPE YOU LIKED THE ANSWER.
IF YOU LIKED THE ANSWER THEN PLEASE MARK AS BRAINLIEST...
AND DON'T FORGET TO FOLLOW ME TOO ;-);-)
AnviGottlieb:
amazing...to you too...;-)
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