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Answer: Microorganisms are essential to soil formation and soil ecology because they control the flux of nutrients to plants (i.e., control of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles,), promote nitrogen fixation, and promote soil detoxification of inorganic and naturally occurring organic pollutants. Soil microorganisms are also part of several food chains, thus serving as source nutrients to one another, and frequently serve as the primary members of food chains in soil biota.The roots of plants are also part of soil biota and some fungi . Many bacteria live in symbiotic relation to plant roots, around which there is an area of elevated microbial activity, known as rhizosphere. The Animalia kingdom is also represented in soil biota by Nematodes, Earthworms, Mollusks, Acarina, Collembola, as well as several insects and larvae that feed mostly on decaying organic matter. They all take part in the soil food chain and help to promote the conversion of organic matter into bacterial and fungal biomass. Soil microbiology is a relatively recent discipline and it is estimated that about only one percent of soil microorganisms are so far identified.The soil ecosystem is composed of inorganic matter (calcium, iron oxide, nitrates, sulfur, phosphates, ash, and stone particles), substrates (fallen leaves, dead organisms, rotten wood, dead roots), organisms (microbes, animals, and plants), air, and water. Bacteria and fungi are mostly heterotrophic organisms that feed on the existing organic matter by decomposing them in order to absorb the resultant micronutrients and minerals. Therefore, they are essential to the recycling process of nutrients that keeps soils in good condition for plant growth. The community of microorganisms in a given type of soil differs from that belonging to another soil type. They are highly dependent on environmental factors such as levels of carbon dioxide,
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