s the probability of observing a value of the test statistics as extreme as, or more extreme than, the value actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.
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True or False: A p-value is the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
FALSE. A p-value is a conditional probability—given the null hypothesis is
true, it’s the probability of getting a test statistic as extreme or more extreme
than the calculated test statistic.
2. True or False: A very small p-value (<0.01) provides evidence in support of
the null hypothesis.
FALSE. A very small p-value provides evidence AGAINST the null and in
support of the alternative hypothesis.
3. True or False: All else constant, in a one sample test, the greater the sample
size, the greater the (positive) test statistic or the smaller the (negative) test
statistic.
TRUE. All else constant, the larger the sample size, a positive test statistic will
increase in size while a negative test statistic will become more negative.
4. We want to examine the effectiveness of an environmental education
seminar. We randomly select 50 seminar attendees and give them a test on
environmental topics both before and after the seminar. We want to determine if
the environmental education seminar improved environmental
understanding. Which of the following is the most appropriate test?
a. a paired, two-sided test
b. a two independent sample, one-sided test
c. a paired, one-sided test
We want to determine whether a certain make and model of car has a greater
fuel efficiency in miles per gallon (mpg) than 50mpg. We randomly sample 100
cars of the same make and model. The mean mpg of the sample is 53 mpg and
the sample standard deviation is 5 mpg.
a. Establish the null and alternative hypotheses.
Ho: μ ≤ 50 mpg
Ha: μ > 50 mpg
b. Calculate the appropriate test statistic.
This is a one-sided t-test. We will use the t-distribution because we are
estimating the population standard deviation from the sample standard
deviation.
t = (53 – 50)/(5/sqrt(100))
t=3/(0.5) = 6
c. True or False: We should calculate a z-statistic.
False. See above.
d. Calculate the p-value and compare to an alpha level of 0.05 to draw your
conclusions.
By looking up the p-value on a t-distribution table, with 99 degrees of freedom
(will probably need to look up 100 df), we find a p-value p(t>6)<0.0005. This
p-value provides strong evidence against the null (we can say we reject the
null hypothesis) and in support of the alternative hypothesis. The evidence
strongly suggests that fuel efficiency, as measured in mpg of this automobile
make and model is greater than 50 mpg. A student t-table can be found here
at the Texas A & M’s statistics website.
FALSE. A p-value is a conditional probability—given the null hypothesis is
true, it’s the probability of getting a test statistic as extreme or more extreme
than the calculated test statistic.
2. True or False: A very small p-value (<0.01) provides evidence in support of
the null hypothesis.
FALSE. A very small p-value provides evidence AGAINST the null and in
support of the alternative hypothesis.
3. True or False: All else constant, in a one sample test, the greater the sample
size, the greater the (positive) test statistic or the smaller the (negative) test
statistic.
TRUE. All else constant, the larger the sample size, a positive test statistic will
increase in size while a negative test statistic will become more negative.
4. We want to examine the effectiveness of an environmental education
seminar. We randomly select 50 seminar attendees and give them a test on
environmental topics both before and after the seminar. We want to determine if
the environmental education seminar improved environmental
understanding. Which of the following is the most appropriate test?
a. a paired, two-sided test
b. a two independent sample, one-sided test
c. a paired, one-sided test
We want to determine whether a certain make and model of car has a greater
fuel efficiency in miles per gallon (mpg) than 50mpg. We randomly sample 100
cars of the same make and model. The mean mpg of the sample is 53 mpg and
the sample standard deviation is 5 mpg.
a. Establish the null and alternative hypotheses.
Ho: μ ≤ 50 mpg
Ha: μ > 50 mpg
b. Calculate the appropriate test statistic.
This is a one-sided t-test. We will use the t-distribution because we are
estimating the population standard deviation from the sample standard
deviation.
t = (53 – 50)/(5/sqrt(100))
t=3/(0.5) = 6
c. True or False: We should calculate a z-statistic.
False. See above.
d. Calculate the p-value and compare to an alpha level of 0.05 to draw your
conclusions.
By looking up the p-value on a t-distribution table, with 99 degrees of freedom
(will probably need to look up 100 df), we find a p-value p(t>6)<0.0005. This
p-value provides strong evidence against the null (we can say we reject the
null hypothesis) and in support of the alternative hypothesis. The evidence
strongly suggests that fuel efficiency, as measured in mpg of this automobile
make and model is greater than 50 mpg. A student t-table can be found here
at the Texas A & M’s statistics website.
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