short note about plus one sociology second chapter
Answers
Answer:given below
Explanation:Chapter 2
TERMS, CONCEPTS AND THEIR USE IN SOCIOLOGY
SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIETY
• Sociology is the study of human social life.
• A defining feature of human life is that
o humans interact,
o communicate and
o construct social collectivities.
• every society whether ancient or feudal or modern, Asian or European or African
human groups and collectivities exist.
• Types of groups and collectivities are different in different societies.
• Any gathering of people does not necessarily constitute a social group.
• Aggregates are simply collections of people who are in the same place at the same
time, but share no definite connection with one another.
• Such aggregates are often termed as quasi groups.
Quasi Group
• A quasi group is an aggregate or combination,
• which lacks structure or organisation
• whose members may be unaware, or less aware, of the existence of groupings.
Characteristics of GROUP
• persistent interaction to provide continuity;
• a stable pattern of these interactions;
• a sense of belonging to identify with other members,
• shared interest;
• acceptance of common norms and values;
TYPES OF GROUPS
• Primary and Secondary Social Groups
• Community and Society or Association
• In-Groups and Out-Groups
• Peer Groups
• Reference Group
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUPS
Primary Groups
• small group of people
• connected by intimate
• The members of primary groups have a sense of belonging.
Secondary groups
• Secondary groups are relatively large in size,
• Maintain formal and impersonal relationships.
• The primary groups are person-oriented, whereas the secondary groups are goal
oriented.
Community and Society or Association
• Community is the living population within a limited geographical area carrying on a common interest.
o highly personal,
o enduring,
o Impersonal,
o transitory relationships of modern urban life.
• You may draw a parallel between the community with the primary group and the
association with the secondary group.
In-groups and Out-groups
• In-groups • Out-Groups
• Face to face relationship • Far relationship
• Feeling sacrifice and
cooperation among members
• Lack of Feeling sacrifice and
cooperation among members
• Domestic and Perfect
relationship
• Working relationship and
imperfection of relationship
Reference Group
• The groups whose life styles are imitated are known as reference groups.
• Reference groups are important sources of information about culture, life style,
aspiration and goal attainments.
Peer Groups
• A kind of primary group,
• Usually formed between individuals
• It is a group of people of the same age, status, interests, etc.
o Example: classmates, school mates etc.
• Often peer group influence on children is grater than parental influence.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• Social stratification refers to structural inequalities between different groupings of
people.
• Society can be seen as consisting of ‘strata’ in a hierarchy,
• Stratification plays a crucial role in the organization of the society
• Every individual and every household in society are affected by stratification.
• Four basic systems of stratification in the society.
o Slavery
o Caste
o Estate and
o Class
• Slavery
Example:-
o Ancient Greece and Rome
• individual’s position totally depends on the status attributes ascribed by birth
rather than achieved.
• The traditional system is generally conceptualized in terms of the four fold varna
or ‘jathi’ of
o Brahmins
o Kshathriyas
Each position in the caste structure was defined in terms of its purity or pollution
relative to others.
sometimes called the ‘outcastes’ are inferior to all other castes.
Class
• Class is a typical social stratification found in Industrialized society.
• Social Class is a stratum of people of similar social position with regard to
o income,
o occupation,
o education and
o wealth.
• In a class, a person’s social status is based on his/her achievements.
• Stratification on the basis of class is not dependent on birth, but it depends on
o profession,
o ability,
• Class is an open institution.
• Kind of class: Higher class, Middle class, lower class, Agricultural class.
Caste Class
It depends on Birth Depends on social
circumstances
Closed group Open system
Rigid rules in marriage,
Permanent/ Stable
organisation.
Inherited Membership Never inherited
• Class system allow social mobility.
One may go to higher to better class or go down to a lower class.