Sociology, asked by aswathyachuzz, 10 months ago

short note about plus one sociology second chapter​

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Answered by ttfalalurahman
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Answer:given below

Explanation:Chapter 2

TERMS, CONCEPTS AND THEIR USE IN SOCIOLOGY

SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIETY

• Sociology is the study of human social life.

• A defining feature of human life is that

o humans interact,

o communicate and

o construct social collectivities.

• every society whether ancient or feudal or modern, Asian or European or African

human groups and collectivities exist.

• Types of groups and collectivities are different in different societies.

• Any gathering of people does not necessarily constitute a social group.

• Aggregates are simply collections of people who are in the same place at the same

time, but share no definite connection with one another.

• Such aggregates are often termed as quasi groups.

Quasi Group

• A quasi group is an aggregate or combination,

• which lacks structure or organisation

• whose members may be unaware, or less aware, of the existence of groupings.

Characteristics of GROUP

• persistent interaction to provide continuity;

• a stable pattern of these interactions;

• a sense of belonging to identify with other members,

• shared interest;

• acceptance of common norms and values;

TYPES OF GROUPS

• Primary and Secondary Social Groups

• Community and Society or Association

• In-Groups and Out-Groups

• Peer Groups

• Reference Group

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUPS

Primary Groups

• small group of people

• connected by intimate

• The members of primary groups have a sense of belonging.

Secondary groups

• Secondary groups are relatively large in size,

• Maintain formal and impersonal relationships.

• The primary groups are person-oriented, whereas the secondary groups are goal

oriented.

Community and Society or Association

• Community is the living population within a limited geographical area carrying on  a common interest.

o highly personal,

o enduring,

o Impersonal,

o transitory relationships of modern urban life.

• You may draw a parallel between the community with the primary group and the

association with the secondary group.

In-groups and Out-groups

• In-groups • Out-Groups

• Face to face relationship • Far relationship

• Feeling sacrifice and

cooperation among members

• Lack of Feeling sacrifice and

cooperation among members

• Domestic and Perfect

relationship

• Working relationship and

imperfection of relationship

Reference Group

• The groups whose life styles are imitated are known as reference groups.

• Reference groups are important sources of information about culture, life style,

aspiration and goal attainments.

Peer Groups

• A kind of primary group,

• Usually formed between individuals

• It is a group of people of the same age, status, interests, etc.

o Example: classmates, school mates etc.

• Often peer group influence on children is grater than parental influence.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

• Social stratification refers to structural inequalities between different groupings of

people.

• Society can be seen as consisting of ‘strata’ in a hierarchy,

• Stratification plays a crucial role in the organization of the society

• Every individual and every household in society are affected by stratification.

• Four basic systems of stratification in the society.

o Slavery

o Caste

o Estate and

o Class

• Slavery

Example:-

o Ancient Greece and Rome

• individual’s position totally depends on the status attributes ascribed by birth

rather than achieved.

• The traditional system is generally conceptualized in terms of the four fold varna

or ‘jathi’ of

o Brahmins

o Kshathriyas

Each position in the caste structure was defined in terms of its purity or pollution

relative to others.

sometimes called the ‘outcastes’ are inferior to all other castes.

Class

• Class is a typical social stratification found in Industrialized society.

• Social Class is a stratum of people of similar social position with regard to

o income,

o occupation,

o education and

o wealth.

• In a class, a person’s social status is based on his/her achievements.

• Stratification on the basis of class is not dependent on birth, but it depends on

o profession,

o ability,

• Class is an open institution.

• Kind of class: Higher class, Middle class, lower class, Agricultural class.

Caste Class

It depends on Birth  Depends on social

circumstances

Closed group  Open system

Rigid rules in marriage,

Permanent/ Stable

organisation.

Inherited Membership  Never inherited

• Class system allow social mobility.

One may go to higher to better class or go down to a lower class.

• According to Karl Marx, capitalist society consists of two classes.

o The Bourgeois

o The Proletariat

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