Short note on fern and pinus?
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Answer:
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FERNS
Ferns are plants that do not have flowers. Ferns generally reproduce by producing spores. Similar to flowering plants, ferns have roots, stems and leaves. ... In the past, ferns had been loosely grouped with other spore-bearing vascular plants, often called “fern allies”.
PINUS
Pinus is a large, perennial, evergreen plant. 2. Branches grow spirally and thus the plant gives the appearance of a conical or pyramidal structure. ... Sporophytic plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and acicular (needle-like) leaves
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Answer:
Objectives:
Study the characteristics of spirogyra, agaricus, moss, fern, pinus (either with male or female cones) and an angiosperm (White Orchid-tree).
Identify two features that indicate the group they belong to.
Theory:
The kingdom Plantae consists of different types of plants that are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms having photosynthetic pigments and cell walls.
Plants are classified in several different ways based on various external and internal characteristics. Based on these characteristics, plants are classified into multicellular groups such as thalophytes, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. We will look at spirogyra, agaricus, moss, fern, pinus and an angiosperm (White Orchid-tree), to identify their characteristics and classify them into the respective groups.
Spirogyra (Pond Silk)
Sub-kingdom: Cryptogamae; Division: Thallophyta; Group: Chlorophyta

Thalophytes are the simplest plants and do not have a well-differentiated body design. The body design is called ‘thallus’ as it is unicellular and non-jacketed. The vascular system and embryo stage is absent in their life cycle.
The plants included in this group are commonly known as algae, usually found in water or in moist regions. The plants in this group do not bear flowers, but they contain chlorophyll and prepare their own food.
Characteristics of Spirogyra
Spirogyra is a filamentous green algae that is seen in fresh water bodies such as ditches, ponds and lakes. It is commonly called water silk. Spirogyra measures approximately 10 to 100μm in width and may stretch centimetres long.
Each filament is unbranched and consists of cylindrical cells placed end to end. These cells have one or more beautiful spiral chloroplasts, so they appears dark green.
The cell wall is two layered and made up of cellulose and pectin. Pectin dissolves in water and makes the filament slimy to touch.
The cytoplasm lies in the periphery of the cell enclosing a vacuole at the centre. The nucleus is located at the centre of the cell and is suspended from strands of cytoplasm from the cell periphery.
Identifying features:
Contains chlorophyll in quantities that are as high as those found in plants.
Grows mostly in fresh water bodies.
Agaricus (Mushroom)
Sub-kingdom: Cryptogamae; Division: Thallophyta; Group: Fungi

Fungus is a eukaryotic organism classified as a separate kingdom and is not grouped under plants, animals and bacteria. This kingdom includes microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. Fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants, which contain cellulose.
Fungi lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic organisms, and so require preformed (previously formed) organic compounds as energy sources. These organic compounds have already been made by plants, bacteria, fungi, or other animals; they are 'preformed', so to speak, by those other organisms.
Characteristics of Agaricus sp. (Mushroom)
Agaricus is a fleshy saprophytic fungus with over 300 species and contains both edible and poisonous species. It is found in wet and damp climates. It grows on wood and in humus-rich soil.
The upper part which is visible above ground is called basidiocarp. It consists of a fleshy cap called pileus. Horizontal groove-like structures called gills or lamellae are present on the lower surface of the cap. The gills bear club shaped basidia on either side, which contain spores called basidiospores. Below the cap is a stalk or stipe (stem) which has a ring-like structure called annulus. This gets cut off from the margin of the cap during its development.
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