socio religious and political reforms in india
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The following are the reforms in india
Explanation:
1. Brahmo Samaj
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833) founded the Brahmo Sabha in August 1828; it was later renamed Brahmo Samaj.
The Samaj was committed to “the worship and adoration of Eternal, Unsearchable, Immutable Being who is the author and Preserver of the Universe”.
Prayers, Meditations and reading of the Upanishads were to be the forms of worship and no forms of a graven image, statute or sculpture, carvings, paintings, picture, portraits etc were to be allowed in the Samaj buildings, thus underlining the Samaj’s opposition to idolatry and meaningless rituals.
The long-term agenda of Brahmo Samaj was to Purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism.
This long-terms agenda was based on twin pillars of reason and Vedas and
The Samaj kept its emphasis on human dignity, opposition to idolatry and criticism of social evils such as Sati.
Maharishi Debendranath Tagore gave a new life to the movement when the joined it in 1843.
The Samaj supported widow remarriage, women’s education, the abolition of polygamy improvement in ryots’ condition and temperance.
When Keshub Chandra Sen was made the acharya by soon after he joined it, the Samaj experienced another phase of energy, vigour and eloquence. He was instrumental in popularising the movement.
After Keshab Chandra Sen was dismissed from the Brahmo Samaj owing to his radical reforms he founded Brahmo Samaj of India.
Significance of the Brahmo Samaj-
Denounce polytheism and idol worship.
Discarded faith in divine avatars.
It denied that any scripture could enjoy the status of ultimate authority transcending human reason and conscience.
It criticised the caste system.
Took no definite stand on the doctrine of karma and transmigration of the soul.
2. Prarthana Samaj
Keshab Chandra Sen helped found the Prarthana Samaj in Bombay in 1863.
They relied on education and persuasion rather than on confrontation with Hindu orthodoxy.
It’s four-point social agenda includes-
Disapproval of the cast system.
Women’s education.
Widow remarriage
Raising the age of marriage for both male and female.
Prominent figures include-
G. Ranade (1842-1901)
G. Bhandarkar
G. Chandavarkar.
3. Young Bengal Movement
Henry Vivan Derozio, who taught at the Hindu College was the leader and its inspirer.
During the 1820s and early 1830s, there emerged a radical intellectual trend among the youth in Bengal which came to be known as ‘Young Bengal Movement’.
Drawing inspiration from the French Revolution, Derozio inspired his pupils to
Think freely and rationally.
Question all authority.
Love, liberty and equality and freedom.
Oppose decadent customs and traditions.
The movement also supported women’s rights and education.
The movement, however, failed to have long term impact, reasons for which are-
Prevailing social conditions at that time were not ripe for the adoption of radical ideas.
The movement lacked any real link with the masses.
4. Paramhansa Mandalis
It was founded in Maharashtra in 1849.
The founder of this movement believed in one god.
They were primarily focused on breaking the caste barriers.
They also advocated widow remarriage and women’s education.
Branches of Paramhansa Mandalis existed in Poona, Satara and other towns of Maharashtra.
5. Satya Shodhak Samaj
Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873.
Its leadership came primarily from the backward classes-Malis, Telis, Kunbis, Saris and Dhangars.
Main aims of the movement were-
Social service.
Spread of education among women and lower classes.
Phule aimed at the complete abolition of the caste system and socio-economic equalities.
The movement gave a sense of identity to the deprived communities as a class against Brahmins who were seen as the exploiters.
6.The Ramkrishna Movement
7. The Servants of India Society.
8. Arya Samaj
9. Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Movement