soil erosion essay with many points his effects prevention uses big eassy
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Soil erosion is a process of detachment and transportation of soil by natural agencies of water and wind.
Factors Influencing Soil Erosion:
There are many factors which influence the process of soil erosion; these are discussed below:
1. Rainfall:
Precipitation is the most forceful factor causing erosion.
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Erosion is dependent on the amount, duration, intensity and frequency of rainfall. By the action of dashing rain drops on soil, soil granules are loosened, detached and separated into fine particles. Erosion is greater where the rainfall is not only heavy, but concentrated over short periods.
2. Slope of Topography:
The slope accelerates erosion as it increases the velocity of the flowing water.
3. Vegetation:
The vegetative cover protects the soil from the beating and dispersing action of the raindrops by forming a canopy over the soil surface. Vegetation also acts as a mechanical obstruction to flowing water, thus reducing its erosive potential. The plant roots help in building a better structure. They said in opening the soil and thereby accelerating water absorption and reducing surface run-off.
4. Tillage:
The infiltration and permeability of the soil is improved by the practice of proper tillage and thereby reducing the chances of erosion. But excess tilling exposes the soil to erosion, especially by wind.
5. Nature of the Soil:
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Erodability of the soil is influenced by the nature of the soil, particularly its texture, structure, organic matter, amounts and kinds of salts present, presence of hard pan in the soil and presence of high water table.
6. Soil Moisture:
The presence of high water table checks the infiltration and permeability, thus allowing more flow of water on the surface, and greater erosion. At the same time, long continuous rainless periods cause loosening of soil and thus expose the soil to erosion by wind.
7. Wind Velocity:
Stronger winds have greater erosive potential, thus wind velocity is directly proportional to intensity of erosion.
Types of Erosion by Water:
Following are the types of soil erosion caused by water (Fig. 22.3).
1. Splash Erosion:
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This type of erosion occurs when the falling raindrops splash on the soil, and beat the bare soil into flowing mud.
2. Sheet Erosion:
This occurs when soil is removed uniformly in a thin layer from the entire surface area. Movement of soil by splash erosion is the primary cause of sheet erosion.
3. Rill Erosion:
This type of erosion takes place when the run-off water, laden with soil flowing along the slopes, forms fingerlike channels. Rill erosion is an intermediate stage between sheet erosion and gulley erosion.
4. Gully Erosion:
As the volume of concentrated run-off increases and attains more velocity on slopes, it enlarges the rill into gullies. At an advanced stage, gullies result in ravines, which are sometimes 50 to 100 feet deep. In India ravines cover about 10 million hectares.
5. Slip Erosion:
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Landslides cause slip erosion— big masses of soil and rock slip down, thus damaging the fields in the foothills and causing obstructions in communication. The effect of slip erosion is localised.
6. Stream Bank Erosion:
Streams and rivers change their courses by cutting one bank and depositing the silt loads on the others.
During flash floods, the damage is much accelerated. The Kosi river in Bihar is reported to have changed its course westwards by 100 km within the last 100 years.
7. Sea Shore Erosion:
This type of erosion is caused by the striking action of strong waves.
Causes of Soil Erosion:
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Soil erosion is also referred to as the creeping death. The causes of soil erosion are directly related to improper landuse, and are, therefore, entirely man-made.
These include the following:
1. Deforestation:
Removal of vegetation cover has caused widespread erosion in Western Ghats, Uttar Pradesh and in Himachal Pradesh.
2. Faulty Cultivation Methods:
For instance, in the Nilgiris, land has been opened for cultivation of tuber crops like potatoes and ginger without undertaking anti-erosive measures like terracing of slopes. Also forests on slopes have been cleared at places to make way for plantation crops. Such faulty cultivation methods have caused soil erosion—landslides are a common feature in these areas.
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