Someone Please give me the notes of
Political science
Class tenth.
Chapter 03
Topic: Overlapping and cross cutting differences
Please Only this topic I want.
Please.
Answers
OVERLAPPING DIFFERENCES:
1. When some social difference overlaps other difference it is called overlapping social difference.
2. Overlapping differences is the mixture of one or more differences caused by one main difference. Situations of this kind produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities.racial or linguistic differences may lead to economic differences. It is not easy to accommodate and even created deep social divisions and tensions.
3. Example- a) racial difference between dark complexion and fairer complexion also referred as the [African-Americans]in the US becomes a social division because the darker complexion tend to stay unemployed due to their color and tend to be poor & homeless, and often face injustice & discrimination. Their complexion leads them to poverty. b) In India Dalit(lower caste) have constantly been ignored by the upper castes and they tend to be poor & landless and often face injustice & discrimination.
4. Overlapping differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.
CROSS-CUTTING DIFFERENCES:
1.If social differences cross-cut one another,it is difficult to pit one group of people against other.
2. It means that a group that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be on different sides on a different issue. In here, it is easy to accommodate and no tensions.
3. Example -Northern Ireland and Netherlands both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics & Protestants. In Northern Ireland the Protestants have stayed richer than the Catholics here class & religion overlap each other, Catholics have been poor & have suffered discrimination where as in Netherlands , class & religion tend to cross-cut each other and both are equally likely to be rich or poor.Social discrimination in Netherlands is not overlapped by economic issues both the christian communities have equal number of rich and poor. It means they have conflict in Northern Ireland and it is not so in Netherlands.
4. Cross-cut social differences are easier to accommodate.
Social Differences define a state when people are discriminated or given preference over the others based on their social, economic or racial inequality. It often leads to social division, wherein the society is divided into various groups. Overlapping and cross-cutting are the two types of social differences, of which overlapping is a crucial situation as compared to cross-cutting, as it may result in the social division.
Difference
Overlapping Social Differences:
Overlapping differences occur when some social differences overlap other differences and if one social difference is given preference over others then it leads to social differences and people would begin to think that they belong to different community. Exp- In america there is difference between black and white people because of given preference.
Overlapping Social Differences are difficult to reduce discrimination.
Cross-cutting Social Differences :
Cross-cutting differences occur when one type of social difference is weakened by another set of social differences. In this social difference it is difficult to analyse which group of people is against the other despite having similar interest. These groups may have similar and different views on issues. Exp- In netherlands both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics & Protestants. Here class and religion cross-cut each other. Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich.