special features of mohenjodaro
Answers
Answer:
1. This civilization is extended far beyond the Indus Valley. The main towns of Indus valley civilization were Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, Lothal.
2. The significant features of Indus Valley civilization are personal cleanliness, town planning, construction of burnt-brick houses, ceramics, casting, forging of metals, manufacturing of cotton and woolen textiles.
3. Mohenjo-Daro people had finest bath facilities, drainage system, and knowledge of personal hygiene.
4. They were equally conscious of plant medicine since there was occasional warfare.
5. The town planning and other characteristics indicate that a homogeneous indigenous culture developed.
6. The portrayal of a three-faced figure surrounded by various animals has been considered as Shiva in the form of Pasupati or Brahma, the originator of Brahmi School of learning.
7. The seal has been available in the stupa area that is generally believed as college area. Computer study of the available seals has been started in different centers.
8. The naksatras are of Harappan origin and these are related to later Dravidian names.
9. Application of decimal scale in linear measure is another very important achievement of the Harappans.
10. They had perhaps a fairly good idea of lunar astronomy, as envisaged from some of the seals since they were very much attached to navigation and fire worship as found in Kalibangan.
11. The rectangular bath at each of the Harappan sites was considered a holy place.
12. The Harappan people could prepare painted potteries of burnt clay, glazed potteries faience, terracotta, etc. The glazing of potteries is believed to be of Indian origin.
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1. A Planned Urban Centre: Harappa was a planned urban centre. It was divided into two sections. One section of this city was small. It was built on a higher place. The second section was large but it was at a lower place. The archaeologists has named the first section as Citadel and the second section as the Lower Town. The citadel owed its height to the fact that buildings were constructed on mud brick platforms. It had walls on all its sides. These walls separated it from the Lower Town.
2. The Citadel: The citadel had many buildings which were used for special public purposes. The most important were the following two structures: (i) The Warehouse, (ii) The Great Bath. With its special structure many scholars believe that Great bath to be for some ritual baths.
3. The Lower Town: The Lower Town was also a walled town. Most of the buildings were built on platforms. These platforms served as foundations. It has been estimated that if one worker moved about a cubic metre of earth daily, it would have needed four million person days. In other words, we can say that it required mobilisation of labour on a very large scale.
All the buildings in the city were built on the platforms. Thus the settlement was first planned and then implemented as per the building plan. This planning is also evident from the bricks which were both baked and sun-dried. These bricks were of standardised ratio. Their length and width was four times and twice the height respectively. Such bricks were used in all the settlements of the Harappan Civilisation.
4. Well Planned Drainage System: The drainage system of the Harappan cities were also carefully planned. All the roads and streets were laid out on a grid pattern. They intersected at right angles. It seems that streets having drains were laid out first. Thereafter houses were built along them. Every house had at least one wall along a street so that the domestic waste water could flow into the drain of the street.
5. Residence of Domestic Architecture: The Lower Town of Mohenjodaro had an expansion of residentail buildings. All these buildings had a courtyard. The rooms were on all the sides of the courtyard. In the hot and dry weather, this courtyard was perhaps the centre of activities like cooking and weaving. While constructing residential buildings, the people had full concern for their privacy. These buildings did not have any windows in the walls along the ground level. Besides this, the main entrance does not give a direct view of the interior of the courtyard.
Every house had its own bathroom. It was floored with bricks. Its gutter was connected to the street drain through the wall. Some houses also had stair-case to reach a second storey or the roof. Many houses had wells and these wells were in a room which was easily approachable. Any body could reach it even from outside.
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