Question

State rwo agreement through which federalism have been form

Answer 1

The Constitution of India gives a federal structure to the Republic of India, declaring it to be a "Union of the States". Part 11 of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative, administrative and executive powers between the Union or Federal or Central government, and the States of India.The legislative powers are categorised under the Union List, a State List and a Concurrent List, representing, respectively, the powers conferred upon the Union government, those conferred upon the State governments and the shared powers.

The federalism is asymmetric in that the devolved powers of the constituent units are not all that same. The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded a higher degree of autonomy than other States under the Article 370.[1] The Union Territories are unitary type directly governed by the Union government though Article 1 (1) of the constitution stipulates a two tier-governance with an additional local elected government by the local citizens throughout the country. However, Delhi and Puducherry have been accorded their own legislatures under Article 239AA and 239A respectively.

The fundamental rights of the citizens can be applicable differently to each state per Article 31 (B) when the required changes are added to the schedule 9 of the constitution by constitutional amendments

Answer 2

Answer:

(i) ‘Coming together’ federations—This agreement induces independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase their security.

Examples are: USA, Switzerland and Australia. All the constituent states have equal power and are strong vis-a-vis the federal government.

(ii) ‘Holding together’ federations — In this agreement, a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent States and the national government. The Central Governments tend to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states. Often different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers. Some units are granted special powers, for example, India granted special powers to Jammu & Kashmir.

Other examples are Spain and Belgium.

Explanation: