State the pathway of carbon fixation in Opuntia.
Answers
Answer:
Certain plants—including the important crops sugarcane and corn (maize), as well as other diverse species that are thought to have expanded their geographic ranges into tropical areas—have developed a special mechanism of carbon fixation that largely prevents photorespiration. The leaves of these plants have special anatomy and biochemistry. In particular, photosynthetic functions are divided between mesophyll and bundle-sheath leaf cells. The carbon-fixation pathway begins in the mesophyll cells, where carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate, which is then added to the three-carbon acid phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by an enzyme called phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The product of this reaction is the four-carbon acid oxaloacetate, which is reduced to malate, another four-carbon acid, in one form of the C4 pathway. Malate then is transported to bundle-sheath cells, which are located near the vascular system of the leaf. There, malate enters the chloroplasts and is oxidized and decarboxylated (i.e., loses CO2) by malic enzyme. This yields high concentrations of carbon dioxide, which is fed into the Calvin-Benson cycle of the bundle sheath cells, and pyruvate, a three-carbon acid that is translocated back to the mesophyll cells.
Pathway of Carbon Fixation in Optunia
Explanation:
Crassulacean acid metabolism is also acknowledged as CAM photosynthesis, which is a carbon obsession pathway that seemed in some plants as an exchange to dry circumstances. In a plant preparing full Crassulacean acid metabolism, the stomata in the petals predominate closed throughout the time to overcome evapotranspiration but reopen at night to get carbon dioxide, also let it spread within the mesophyll cells. The carbon dioxide is raised as the four-carbon acid malate in vacuoles throughout the night, and later in the daytime, the malate is carried to chloroplasts where it is modified to CO2, which is later utilized throughout photosynthesis. The pre-collected CO2 is gathered around the enzyme RuBisCO, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency. The technique was first observed in plants of the family Crassulaceae.
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