Structure, reproduction and life cycle of turbinaria
Answers
Explanation:
Chlamydomonas possesses red eye spots for photosensitivity and reproduces both asexually and sexually. Chlamydomonas's asexual reproduction occurs by zoospores, by aplanospores, by hypnospores or by a palmella stage; sexual reproduction through isogamy, anisogamy or oogamy.
Answer:
Product managers create marketing mixes for their products as they move through the life cycle. The product life cycle is a pattern of sales and profits over time for a product (Ivory dishwashing liquid) or a product category (liquid detergents). As the product moves through the stages of the life cycle, the firm must keep revising the marketing mix to stay competitive and meet the needs of target customers.
Stages of the Life Cycle
As illustrated in (Figure), the product life cycle consists of the following stages:
Introduction: When a product enters the life cycle, it faces many obstacles. Although competition may be light, the introductory stage usually features frequent product modifications, limited distribution, and heavy promotion. The failure rate is high. Production and marketing costs are also high, and sales volume is low. Hence, profits are usually small or negative.
Growth: If a product survives the introductory stage, it advances to the growth stage of the life cycle. In this stage, sales grow at an increasing rate, profits are healthy, and many competitors enter the market. Large companies may start to acquire small pioneering firms that have reached this stage. Emphasis switches from primary demand promotion to aggressive brand advertising and communicating the differences between brands. For example, the goal changes from convincing people to buy flat-screen TVs to convincing them to buy Sony versus Panasonic or Sharp.
Sales and Profits during the Product Life Cycle
(Attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC BY 4.0 license.)
The graph shows sales and profits along the vertical left side. Moving left to right there are columns, and represent time moving. These are labeled introduction, then growth, then maturity, then decline. Below the graph, there are products labeled, each corresponding to one of the stages or columns above. In the introduction phase, sales are profits are low, money can be in the minus. Product is shown as Air waves vapor release chewing gum, a nasal decongestant. Next, in the growth phase the sales and profits increase. This is shown as an internet security software. Next, in the maturity phase sales and profits are at their highest; and this is shown as Coca cola. The area between growth and maturity is a check point. Next comes the decline, where total market sales drop, as do total market profits. This is shown as C B radios.
Distribution becomes a major key to success during the growth stage, as well as in later stages. Manufacturers scramble to acquire dealers and distributors and to build long-term relationships. Without adequate distribution, it is impossible to establish a strong market position.
Toward the end of the growth phase, prices normally begin falling, and profits peak. Price reductions result from increased competition and from cost reductions from producing larger quantities of items (economies of scale). Also, most firms have recovered their development costs by now, and their priority is in increasing or retaining market share and enhancing profits.
Maturity: After the growth stage, sales continue to mount—but at a decreasing rate. This is the maturity stage. Most products that have been on the market for a long time are in this stage. Thus, most marketing strategies are designed for mature products. One such strategy is to bring out several variations of a basic product (line extension). Kool-Aid, for instance, was originally offered in six flavors. Today there are more than 50, as well as sweetened and unsweetened varieties.
Decline (and death): When sales and profits fall, the product has reached the decline stage. The rate of decline is governed by two factors: the rate of change in consumer tastes and the rate at which new products enter the market. Sony VCRs are an example of a product in the decline stage. The demand for VCRs has now been surpassed by the demand for DVDs and online streaming of content. Sometimes companies can improve a product by implementing changes to the product, such as new ingredients or new services. If the changes are accepted by customers, it can lead to a product moving out of the decline stage and back into the introduction stage.
Each year Coca-Cola adds new drinks to its product portfolio. While some of these new beverages are close relatives of the original Coca-Cola Classic, others, such as Vitaminwater, constitute entirely new categories of soft drink. What challenges do new products such as Vitaminwater face during the introduction phase of the product life cycle? (Credit: kobakou/ Flickr/ Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0))
A photograph shows a person holding a bottle of Vitamin water. The label is written in both English and Japanese lettering.