Study of use of biofertilizer s in crop production
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Biofertilizer are microorganisms that help plants to grow by increasing the quantity of nutrients. Biofertilizer are defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help crop plants for the uptake of nutrients by their interactions in the rhizosphere. Introduction
3. Importance of Biofertilizer Increasing Harvest Yields Average increase crop yields by 20 to 30 percent. Algae-based fertilizers have improved yields in rice at rates ranging between 10 and 45 %. Improving Soil structure: Use of microbial bio fertilizers improves the soil structure by influencing the aggregation of the soil particles Better water relation Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization induces drought tolerance in plants by : improving leaf water and turgor potential, maintaining stomatal functioning and transpiration increasing root length and development.
4. Importance….Contd Lowering Production Costs Made from easily obtained organic materials such as rice husks, soil, bamboo, and vegetables etc. Reduce the input expenses by replacing the cost of chemical fertilizers. Fortifying the soil Aquatic cyanobacteria provide natural growth hormone, protein, vitamins and minerals to the soil. Azotobacter infuse the soil with antibiotic pesticide and inhibit the spread of soil-borne diseases like pythium and phytophthora. Improving Sustainability Biofertilizer strengthen the soil profile, leave water sources untainted and Edify plant growth without detrimental side-effects.
5. How does Biofertilizer work? Fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and root nodules of legume crop and make it available to the plants. Solubilise the insoluble forms of phosphates like tricalcium, iron and aluminum phosphate into available forms. Produce hormones and anti metabolites which promote root growth. They scavenge phosphate from soil layers Decompose organic matter and help in soil mineralization.
6. S.N Groups examples A N2 fixing Biofertilizer 1. Free-living Azotobacter, Clostridium, Anabaena, Nostoc, Symbiotic Rhizobium, Anabaena azollae 3. Associative Symbiotic Azospirillum B P Solubilizing Biofertilizer 1. Bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas striata 2. Fungi Penicillium sp, Aspergillus awamori C P Mobilizing Biofertilizers 1. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Glomus sp. , Scutellospora sp.. 2. Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria sp., Pisolithus sp., Boletus sp., Amanita sp. 3. Ericoid Mycorrhiza Pezizella ericae D Biofertilizer for Micro nutrients 1. Silicate and Zinc solubilizers Bacillus sp. E Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria 1. Pseudomonas Pseudomonas fluorescence Classification of Biofertilizers
7. A.Nitrogen fixing Biofertilizers Rhizobium A soil habitat bacterium able to colonize the legume roots Fixes atmospheric elemental nitrogen symbiotically into plant usable form. Fixes 50-100 kg/ha/year of nitrogen, most useful in concern with amount of N2 fixed. It is especially important for legumes and oilseeds