Summary in hindi chapter2 Geografy
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thank u India has all major physical features of the Earth, i.e. mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and islands.In India the soil colour varies from place to place as it is formed from different types of rocks.India is a large landmass formed during different geological periods.India’s relief features are outcome of other processes like weathering, erosion and deposition.India has varied physical features whose formation can be explained on the basis of the ‘Theory of Plate Tectonics’.According to the theory of Plate Tectonics the seven major and minor plates that form the Earth’s crust keep moving, causing stress and thus leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity.Plates can have convergent, divergent and transform boundaries.India’s peninsular part is made from one of the oldest landmass of the world ‘Gondwana land’. It was a single landmass comprising of India, Australia, South Africa, South America and Antarctica.The physical features of India can be grouped under the following physiographic divisions :
(i) The Himalayan Mountains.
(ii) The Northern Plains
(iii) The Peninsular Plateau
(iv) The Indian Desert
(v) The Coastal Plains
(vi) The Islands
The Himalayan Mountains
The Himalayas are young-fold mountains which are the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world.The Himalayas are 2400 km long, 400 km to 150 km wide from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh respectively.The Himalayas have three parallel ranges in the longitudinal extent namely :
— Great or Inner Himalayas also called Himadri. It is the highest mountain range with average height 6000 m.
— Middle Himalayas or Himachal. The altitude varies between 3700 and 4500 m. It includes ranges like Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar and Mahabharat.
— Outer Himalayas or Shivalik. It is outermost range with 900 to 1100 m average altitude.
The longitudinal valley lying between and lesser Himalaya and Shiwaliks are known as Duns.
The Himalayas can be divided into four sections :
— Punjab Himalayas — between Indus and Satluj.
— Kumaon Himalayas — between Satluj and Kali.
— Nepal Himalayas — between Kali and the Tista.
— Assam Himalayas (Eastern Himalayas) — Between Tista and the Dibang (Tsangpo).
The Northern Plains
It is formed by the interplay of the three major river systems – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.The Northern Plains spread over an area of 7 lakh sq. km, 240 km long and 240 km to 320 km broad.The rivers that flow to the plains from the mountains are involved in depositional work.Difference in relief causes the Northern Plain to have four regions.
— Bhabar — laying at the foot of Shiwaliks, a narrow 8 to 16 km wide belt of pebbles.
—Terai — lying next to Bhabar, a wet and marshy area with wildlife and forest
(i) The Himalayan Mountains.
(ii) The Northern Plains
(iii) The Peninsular Plateau
(iv) The Indian Desert
(v) The Coastal Plains
(vi) The Islands
The Himalayan Mountains
The Himalayas are young-fold mountains which are the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world.The Himalayas are 2400 km long, 400 km to 150 km wide from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh respectively.The Himalayas have three parallel ranges in the longitudinal extent namely :
— Great or Inner Himalayas also called Himadri. It is the highest mountain range with average height 6000 m.
— Middle Himalayas or Himachal. The altitude varies between 3700 and 4500 m. It includes ranges like Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar and Mahabharat.
— Outer Himalayas or Shivalik. It is outermost range with 900 to 1100 m average altitude.
The longitudinal valley lying between and lesser Himalaya and Shiwaliks are known as Duns.
The Himalayas can be divided into four sections :
— Punjab Himalayas — between Indus and Satluj.
— Kumaon Himalayas — between Satluj and Kali.
— Nepal Himalayas — between Kali and the Tista.
— Assam Himalayas (Eastern Himalayas) — Between Tista and the Dibang (Tsangpo).
The Northern Plains
It is formed by the interplay of the three major river systems – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.The Northern Plains spread over an area of 7 lakh sq. km, 240 km long and 240 km to 320 km broad.The rivers that flow to the plains from the mountains are involved in depositional work.Difference in relief causes the Northern Plain to have four regions.
— Bhabar — laying at the foot of Shiwaliks, a narrow 8 to 16 km wide belt of pebbles.
—Terai — lying next to Bhabar, a wet and marshy area with wildlife and forest
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