summary of ch1 geo class 10
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Resources
Everything in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs and is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable is termed as ‘Resource’. Human beings themselves are essential components of resources. They transform material available in the environment into resources and use them.
Classification of Resources
Resources can be classified in the following ways:
(a) basis of origin – biotic and abiotic
(b) basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable
(c) basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international
(d) basis of the status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves
Development of Resources
Resources have been used by human beings indiscriminately and this has led to the following major problems.
Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few individuals.
Accumulation of resources in a few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e rich and poor.
It has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
Sustainable Economic Development means “development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of future generations.”
Resource Planning in India
(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
India has made concerted efforts towards achieving the goals of resource planning, right from the First Five Year Plan launched after Independence.
Land Resources
Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport and communication systems. India has land under a variety of relief features, namely; mountains, plateaus, plains and islands as shown below:
Land Utilisation
Land resources are used for the following purposes:
Forests
Land not available for cultivation
a) Barren and wasteland
b) Land put to non-agricultural uses
Fallow lands
Other uncultivated lands (excluding fallow land)
Net sown area
Land Use Pattern in India
The use of land is determined
Physical factors: such as topography, climate, soil types
Human factors: such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc.
Land Use Pattern in India
Waste land is the land put to other non-agricultural uses which include rocky, arid and desert areas, roads, railways, industry etc. Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation.
Land Degradation and Conservation Measures
Some of the ways through which we can solve the problems of land degradation are:
Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
Planting of shelter belts of plants.
Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
Proper management of waste lands.
Control of mining activities.
Soil as a Resource
Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth.
It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few cms in depth. Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc contribute to the formation of soil.
Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil play an important role.
Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.
Classification of Soils
, the soils of India are classified in different types as mentioned below.
Alluvial Soils
Black Soil
Red and Yellow Soils
Laterite Soil
Arid Soils
Forest Soils
Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation
The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion. there are some natural forces like wind, glacier and water which lead to soil erosion. Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming.
The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. When water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope and the topsoil is washed away, it is known as sheet erosion. Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.
Different Ways for Soil Conservation
Ploughing along the contour lines decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is called Contour Ploughing.
Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. .
Strip Cropping.
Shelter Belts.
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