Question

summary of lesson diversity in living organisms bio class 9

Answer 1

Hey there!!
Down here⏬

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Summary of class 9 CBSE Biology

☆DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS☆

> Classification : The grouping of organisms on the basis of similar characteristics .

> Characteristics : A particular form or a particular function.

> BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION

• Whether it is eukaryotic or prokaryotic

• Basis of Body Design

• on the Basis of Mode of nutrition, i.e, they are AUTOTROPHIC or HETEROTROPHIC.

• On the basis of level of organisation.

• Specialised organs.

> Evolution : Accumulation of changes in the body design that allow the organism to survive better.

-In 1859, Charles Darwin, in his book, The origin of species, first described about the idea of evolution

> Heirarchy of Classification.

• Ernst Haeckel(1894),Robert whittacker (1959) and Carl woese (1977) classified organisms into Kingdoms.

*[ A small story to remember scientists, They earned (Ernst) by Hacking (Haeckel). Robert attacked (Whittacker) the car (Carl), woese.. remember pls ;p]

> Sub groups of various levels :

KINGDOM --> PHYLUM(for animals)/DIVISION (for plants) --> Class --> Order --> Family --> --> Genus--> Species

*[ A small story to remember order : Once KINGDOM and PHYLUM went to CLASS. They find no ORDER. So, they called the FAMILY of students. they were supporting students. So, it was understood that they all are of same GENUS (behaviour), SPECIES, pls remember ;p]

FIVE KINGDOMS : (Only specifics)

• MONERA [e.g. : Bacteria]
• PROTISTA [use appendages,
E.g. : Protozoa ]
• FUNGI [Saprophytes
Contain Chitin
E.g. : Yeast]
• PLANTAE [Autotrophs]
• ANIMALIA [Heterotrophs]

> PLANTAE

Classified On the basis of :

• Whether they have well-differentiated components.
• Whether they have conductive tissues
• Whether they bear seeds

• THALLOPHYTA [Algae
E.g. : Chara]
• BRYOPHYTA [*Amphibians of plant kingdom*
E.g. : Moss]
• PTERIDOPHYTA [Cryptogaemes (hidden reproductive organs)
E.g. : Ferns]
• GYMNOSPERMS [Naked seeds,
Perennial, evergreen, woody
E.g. : Pines]
• ANGIOSPERMS[Covered seeds
Flowering plants.
E.g. : Hibiscus]

* Phanerogams : Well diffrentuated reproductive tissues.
* Monocots : Single cotyloden
* Dicots : Seeds having 2 cotyledons

> ANIMALIA (on the basis of extent and type of Body design]

• PORIFERA [Pores
Non-motile
Canal system
Sponges
Marines
E.g. : Sycon]

• COELENTERATA(CNIDARIA) [ possess Cavity
E.g. : Jellyfish ]

• PLATYHELMINTHES [True cavity
Flattened dorsiventrall
E.g. : Flatworms]

• NEMATODA [pseudocoelum
E.g. ; Ascaris]

• ANNELIDA [Segmented fashion
E.g. :Earthworms]

• ARTHROPODA [Jointed legs
E.g. : Prawns]

• MOLLUSCA [Open circulatory system
Kidney-like organs for excretion
E.g. : Snails ]

• ECHINODERMATA [Spiny skinned
E.g. : Star fish]

• PROTOCHORDATA [Notochord
E.g. : Herdmania]

• VERTEBRATA [Internal skeleton
True vertebral coulomn]

> VERTEBRATA

• PISCES [Fishes
Streamlined
Gills for respiration
Lay eggs
Cold-blooded
E.g. : Rohu]

• AMPHIBIA [3chambered heart
Gills/lung/skin for respiration
E.g. : Frog]

• REPTILA [Cold-blooded
3 chambered heart (except crocodile who have 4)
E.g. : lizards, crocodiles]

• AVES [Warm-blooded
Birds
4 chambered ♡
E.g. : Pigeon,all birds ;p]

• MAMMALIA [Warm-blooded
Mammary glands
Viviparous
E.g. : humans, rat]

> NOMENCLATURE

• Branch of science that deals with Systematic naming of living organisms

• Carolus Linnaeus - father of Nomenclature

> Certain rules while writing scientific names.

• Name of genus should begins with capital letter
• Name of species should begin with small letter
• When printed, the scientific name should be in Italics
• When written,SPECIES and genus names must be underlined separately.

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HOPE IT HELPS, Manisha ;p
[Pls Forgive if you hate mah stories mentioned here ;p]

Answer 2

Hey,
Friend,

CLASS 9,

DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS!!

INTRODUCTION

we find varieties of living organisms in our surroundings - Living organism with different shape, size and feathers .Which make them unique. This variations of uniqueness In characteristic in living organisms is distinguish features and form the basis for diversity.

Diversity means variation or variety. Diversity of biodiversity is defined as different form of living organisms found in a particular area

CLASSIFICATION AND BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION

The system of arrangement of organism into different groups and sub - groups on the basis of their similarities and differences is called classification.

There are some characteristic Which are used for dividing organism into groups are as follows - :

• Types of Cells ( Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic)
• Number of cells ( Unicellular and Multicellular)
• Mode of nutrition ( Heterotrophic and Autotrophic)

Other characteristic which are also responsible are,
• Lifespan
• Presence and absence of cell wall.
• Habitats
• Level of organization.

IMPORTANCE OF CLASSIFICATION

• It help us to study the organism more easily and systematically.

• It help in the study of the process of Evolution from simple to complex organism.

• Inter relationship among different group of organism is also revealed by classification.

FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION.....

It was proposed by WHITTAKER in 1959, which include five following Kingdom....

• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

FIVE KINGDOMS.....

●KINGDOM MONERA

•They are unicellular
•Ribosomes are present.
•Mode of reproduction is asexual.

Examples,

●Bacteria
They are unicellular
Prokaryotic

●Cynobacteria
Unicellular
Prokaryotic

●Actinonycetes
Branched
Unicellular

●Archaebacteria
They live in extreme climate.

●Mycoplasma
Non - motale
Prokaryotic

● KINGDOM PROTISTA

It includes organism Which are Eukaryotic and unicellular. It is divided into three groups.
●Unicellular Algae

They are mostly found in the form of layer above the water and moves with water current.

Example,

Euglena, Diatoms.

NOTE......
Euglena is also called DUAL ORGANISM or PLANT ANIMAL. Because of its special type of nutrition.

●Slime Moulds

This organism has characteristic of both Animal and Fungi.

Example,

Physarum

● PROTOZOA

They are the most Primitive unicellular Eukaryotics mostly found in aquatic habitat.

Cell wall is absent.

Example,

Paramecium, Amoeba.

● KINGDOM FUNGI

Ubiquitous ( Found in every type of habitat)
They are tharoid ( Body is not differentiate )
They are multicellular.

NOTE........

Fungi shows a symbiotic relationship with Cynobacteria ( Blue green Algae) . This relationship is called Lichen. Lichen is a living association of algae and fungi. In which algae provides fruits whereas fungi protect and help in absorption of water and minerals. Lichen is also called bioindicators of air pollution because in excess of sulphur dioxide it will not grow.

Example,

Paramelia, Usnea...

● KINGDOM PLANTAE

They are multicellular
Eukaryotic
Cell wall is present Which is made up of cellulose.

GENERAL,

WHITTAKER divided the kingdom into five sub groups or division in the basis of......

• Absence or presence of differentiated body.
• Presence of vascular tissue.
• Ability to bear seed and enclosed the seeds within fruits.

●Thallophyta

* They are autotrophs.
* Vascular tissue is absent.

●Bryophyta

* Multicellular
* Eukaryotic

●Pteridophyta

They are seedless, vascular plant.
Flower and seed is absent.

●Gymnosperm

Seed is naked , That is not enclosed within a fruit.
The ovule are not enclosed within the ovary.

● Angiosperm

They are flowering plant.
Flower is reproductive organ can be unisexual or bisexual.

It is divided into two subdivision.....

MONOCOTYLEDON...... One cotyledon or one one seed leave.
EXAMPLE, Zea Mays MAIZE

DICOTYLEDON........ Two cotyledon or two seed leaves.
EXAMPLE, Pisum Satnum PEA

● KINGDOM ANEMALIA

Eukaryotic and Multicellular.
Cell wall and plastid absent
Posses definite shape and size to maturity.
Heterotrophic and holozoic mode of nutrition.

• Porifera
• Coelentrata
• Plathelminthes
• Annelida
• Arthropoda
• Mollusca
• Echinodermata
• Nematoda

●CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM CHORDATA.
• Protochordata
• Vertebrata
•Pisces
• Class Amphibia
•Class Reptilia
• Class Aves
• Class mammalia

HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION

• Species : Lower category of classification and regarded as basic unit of classification.

• Genus : In this group organism Which are similar in many features but differ in some characteristic are placed.

• Family : It contains related genus.

• Order : It contains one or more related families.

• Class : It contains one or more related order.

Phylum/Division : Phylum is used for animal and division is used for plants, ( It contains one or more related class)

• Kingdom : It is the highest group in classification ( Large).It contains related phylum or division.

Hope this will help you....!!!
I can't write more due to word limit.