Surveying and Levelling:
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Explanation:
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Answer:
→Surveying includes measurements of distances and angles in horizontal and vertical planes, while levelling is
the measurement of heights in vertical plane.
→Chain, tape, compass, level and theodolite are the instruments used for surveying
→Surveying fixes the relative positions of different points on the surface of earth.
→It also includes measurements of areas and volumes.
→Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map of the area to some scale.
→Surveying is carried out to fix the alignment of road, railway and canal.
→It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of structure.
→Electronics total station and Global Positioning system (GPS) are the modern electronic digital instruments for the survey work.
→Remote Sensing and Geographical Information system (GIS) are adopted for surveying and planning of many civil engineering projects